Abstract
In this chapter, we review the benign and malignant lymphoid proliferative lesions that frequently originate or secondarily involve the lymph nodes and extranodal sites of the head and neck. They are a broad and heterogeneous group of diseases, and therefore a general outlook for their diagnoses, integrating clinical information together with morphology, phenotypic and molecular studies, as well as useful bibliographic references, is provided. Additional macroscopic and microscopic representative images of the entities discussed are included.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Quinones-Avila MP, Gonzalez-Longoria AA, Admirand JH, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma involving Waldeyer ring: a clinicopathologic study of 22 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123:651–6.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press: 2008.
Attygalle AD, Liu H, Shirali S, et al. Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: a reactive condition of childhood showing immunoglobulin lambda light-chain restriction. Blood. 2004;104:3343–8.
Kaur P, Levy NB. Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of tonsil with immunoglobulin light chain restriction. Am J Hematol. 2012;87:424–5.
Bailey RE. Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 1994;49:879–88.
Lukes RJ, Tindle BH, Parker JW. Reed-Sternberg-like cells in infectious mononucleosis. Lancet. 1969;2:1003–4.
Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Falini B, et al. Epstein-barr virus infection of monocytoid B-cell proliferates: an early feature of primary viral infection? Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:595–601.
Niedobitek G, Herbst H, Young LS, et al. Patterns of Epstein-Barr virus infection in non-neoplastic lymphoid tissue. Blood. 1992;79:2520–6.
Salvador AH, Harrison Jr EG, Kyle RA. Lymphadenopathy due to infectious mononucleosis: its confusion with malignant lymphoma. Cancer. 1971;27:1029–40.
Jenson HB. Virologic diagnosis, viral monitoring, and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2004;6:200–7.
Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL. Infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1993–2000.
Gaffey MJ, Ben-Ezra JM, Weiss LM. Herpes simplex lymphadenitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;95:709–14.
Howat AJ, Campbell AR, Stewart DJ. Generalized lymphadenopathy due to herpes simplex virus type I. Histopathology. 1991;19:563–4.
Joubert M, Morin C, Moreau A, et al. Histopathologic features of cytomegalovirus lymphadenitis in the “immunocompetent” patient. Report of 7 cases. Ann Pathol. 1996;16:254–60.
Rushin JM, Riordan GP, Heaton RB, et al. Cytomegalovirus-infected cells express Leu-M1 antigen. A potential source of diagnostic error. Am J Pathol. 1990;136:989–95.
Shahab I, Osborne BM, Butler JJ. Nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue masses in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Histologic findings and clinical correlation. Cancer. 1994;74:3083–8.
Ioachim HL, Cronin W, Roy M, et al. Persistent lymphadenopathies in people at high risk for HIV infection. Clinicopathologic correlations and long-term follow-up in 79 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;93:208–18.
O’Murchadha MT, Wolf BC, Neiman RS. The histologic features of hyperplastic lymphadenopathy in AIDS-related complex are nonspecific. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:94–9.
Alos L, Navarrete P, Morente V, et al. Immunoarchitecture of lymphoid tissue in HIV-infection during antiretroviral therapy correlates with viral persistence. Mod Pathol. 2005;18:127–36.
Leung AK, Robson WL. Childhood cervical lymphadenopathy. J Pediatr Health Care. 2004;18:3–7.
Yamauchi T, Ferrieri P, Anthony BF. The etiology of acute cervical adenitis in children: serological and bacteriological studies. J Med Microbiol. 1980;13:37–43.
Dauga C, Miras I, Grimont PA. Identification of Bartonella henselae and B. quintana 16s rDNA sequences by branch-, genus- and species-specific amplification. J Med Microbiol. 1996;45:192–9.
Lamps LW, Scott MA. Cat-scratch disease: historic, clinical, and pathologic perspectives. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121(Suppl):S71–80.
Wear DJ, Margileth AM, Hadfield TL, et al. Cat scratch disease: a bacterial infection. Science. 1983;221:1403–5.
Bem C, Patil PS, Bharucha H, et al. Importance of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphadenopathy and tuberculous lymphadenitis in patients undergoing lymph node biopsy in Zambia. Br J Surg. 1996;83:75–8.
Sibanda EN, Stanczuk G. Lymph node pathology in Zimbabwe: a review of 2194 specimens. Q J Med. 1993;86:811–7.
Falzon D, it-Belghiti F. What is tuberculosis surveillance in the European Union telling us? Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1261–7.
Newton SM, Brent AJ, Anderson S, et al. Paediatric tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:498–510.
Bayazit YA, Bayazit N, Namiduru M. Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2004;66:275–80.
Penfold CN, Revington PJ. A review of 23 patients with tuberculosis of the head and neck. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;34:508–10.
Ammari FF, Bani Hani AH, Ghariebeh KI. Tuberculosis of the lymph glands of the neck: a limited role for surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:576–80.
McCabe RE, Brooks RG, Dorfman RF, et al. Clinical spectrum in 107 cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9:754–74.
Lin MH, Kuo TT. Specificity of the histopathological triad for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis: polymerase chain reaction study. Pathol Int. 2001;51:619–23.
Montoya JG, Remington JS. Studies on the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:781–9.
Kluin PM, Langerak AW, Beverdam-Vincent J, et al. Paediatric nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphadenopathy of the neck: a Haemophilus influenzae-driven immune disorder? J Pathol. 2015;236:302–14.
Fox RA, Rosahn PD. The lymph nodes in disseminated lupus erythematosus. Am J Pathol. 1943;19:73–99.
Shapira Y, Weinberger A, Wysenbeek AJ. Lymphadenopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prevalence and relation to disease manifestations. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15:335–8.
Kojima M, Motoori T, Asano S, et al. Histological diversity of reactive and atypical proliferative lymph node lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Pathol Res Pract. 2007;203:423–31.
Medeiros LJ, Kaynor B, Harris NL. Lupus lymphadenitis: report of a case with immunohistologic studies on frozen sections. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:295–9.
Chen YF, Zhang WD, Sun CZ, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of head and neck castleman disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2466–79.
Song JJ, Jung MH, Woo JS, et al. Castleman’s disease of the head and neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;263:160–3.
Rabinowitz MR, Levi J, Conard K, et al. Castleman disease in the pediatric neck: a literature review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;148:1028–36.
Fujimoto Y, Kojima Y, Yamaguchi K. Cervical necrotizing lymphadenitis, a new clinicopathological agent. Naika. 1972;20:920–7.
Kikuchi M. Lymphadenitis showing focal reticulum cell hyperplasia with nuclear debris and phagocytosis. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1972;35:379–80.
Bosch X, Guilabert A, Miquel R, et al. Enigmatic Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a comprehensive review. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;122:141–52.
Dorfman RF. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of Kikuchi and Fujimoto. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1987;111:1026–9.
Dorfman RF, Berry GJ. Kikuchi’s histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis: an analysis of 108 cases with emphasis on differential diagnosis. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1988;5:329–45.
Spies J, Foucar K, Thompson CT, et al. The histopathology of cutaneous lesions of Kikuchi’s disease (necrotizing lymphadenitis): a report of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1040–7.
Yasukawa K, Matsumura T, Sato-Matsumura KC, et al. Kikuchi’s disease and the skin: case report and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:885–9.
Kuo TT. Kikuchi’s disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis). A clinicopathologic study of 79 cases with an analysis of histologic subtypes, immunohistology, and DNA ploidy. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:798–809.
Chamulak GA, Brynes RK, Nathwani BN. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease mimicking malignant lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1990;14:514–23.
Chan JK, Kwong YL. Common misdiagnoses in lymphomas and avoidance strategies. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:579–88.
Goldblatt F, Andrews J, Russell A, et al. Association of Kikuchi-Fujimoto’s disease with SLE. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:553–4.
Martinez-Vazquez C, Hughes G, Bordon J, et al. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, Kikuchi-Fujimoto’s disease, associated with systemic lupus erythemotosus. QJM. 1997;90:531–3.
Rosai J, Dorfman RF. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. A newly recognized benign clinicopathological entity. Arch Pathol. 1969;87:63–70.
Foucar E, Rosai J, Dorfman R. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): review of the entity. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1990;7:19–73.
Maric I, Pittaluga S, Dale JK, et al. Histologic features of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy in patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:903–11.
Chen TD, Lee LY. Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting in the parotid gland with features of IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137:705–8.
Kuo TT, Chen TC, Lee LY, et al. IgG4-positive plasma cells in cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease: an additional immunohistochemical feature and possible relationship to IgG4-related sclerosing disease. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:1069–73.
Hui PK, Chan JK, Ng CS, et al. Lymphadenopathy of Kimura’s disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:177–86.
Kuo TT, Shih LY, Chan HL. Kimura’s disease. Involvement of regional lymph nodes and distinction from angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12:843–54.
Chen H, Thompson LD, Aguilera NS, et al. Kimura disease: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:505–13.
Iyengar P, Mazloom A, Shihadeh F, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma involving extranodal and nodal head and neck sites: characteristics and outcomes. Cancer. 2010;116:3825–9.
Goel A, Fan W, Patel AA, et al. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: biology, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2014;14:261–70.
Anagnostopoulos I, Hansmann ML, Franssila K, et al. European Task Force on Lymphoma project on lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin disease: histologic and immunohistologic analysis of submitted cases reveals 2 types of Hodgkin disease with a nodular growth pattern and abundant lymphocytes. Blood. 2000;96:1889–99.
Hicks J, Flaitz C. Progressive transformation of germinal centers: review of histopathologic and clinical features. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;65:195–202.
Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES. T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2010;95:352–6.
Lee AI, LaCasce AS. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncologist. 2009;14:739–51.
Iguchi H, Wada T, Matsushita N, et al. Anatomic distribution of hematolymphoid malignancies in the head and neck: 7 years of experience with 122 patients in a single institution. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132:1224–31.
Ott G, Katzenberger T, Lohr A, et al. Cytomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic profiles of follicular lymphoma: 2 types of follicular lymphoma grade 3. Blood. 2002;99:3806–12.
Piccaluga PP, Califano A, Klein U, et al. Gene expression analysis provides a potential rationale for revising the histological grading of follicular lymphomas. Haematologica. 2008;93:1033–8.
Dong HY, Harris NL, Preffer FI, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and classification of primary and recurrent lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of the utility of cytomorphology and flow cytometry. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:472–81.
Pappa VI, Hussain HK, Reznek RH, et al. Role of image-guided core-needle biopsy in the management of patients with lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2427–30.
Horsman DE, Gascoyne RD, Coupland RW, et al. Comparison of cytogenetic analysis, southern analysis, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of t(14; 18) in follicular lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:472–8.
Rowley JD. Chromosome studies in the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: the role of the 14;18 translocation. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6:919–25.
Horsman DE, Connors JM, Pantzar T, et al. Analysis of secondary chromosomal alterations in 165 cases of follicular lymphoma with t(14;18). Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2001;30:375–82.
Viardot A, Barth TF, Moller P, et al. Cytogenetic evolution of follicular lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol. 2003;13:183–90.
Liu Q, Salaverria I, Pittaluga S, et al. Follicular lymphomas in children and young adults: a comparison of the pediatric variant with usual follicular lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37:333–43.
Schraders M, de Jong D, Kluin P, et al. Lack of Bcl-2 expression in follicular lymphoma may be caused by mutations in the BCL2 gene or by absence of the t(14;18) translocation. J Pathol. 2005;205:329–35.
Ghielmini M, Vitolo U, Kimby E, et al. ESMO Guidelines consensus conference on malignant lymphoma 2011 part 1: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:561–76.
Triantafillidou K, Dimitrakopoulos J, Iordanidis F, et al. Extranodal non-hodgkin lymphomas of the oral cavity and maxillofacial region: a clinical study of 58 cases and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2776–85.
Zucca E, Fontana S, Roggero E, et al. Treatment and prognosis of centrocytic (mantle cell) lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of twenty-six patients treated in one institution. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;13:105–10.
Campo E, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Mantle-cell lymphoma. Semin Hematol. 1999;36:115–27.
Mozos A, Royo C, Hartmann E, et al. SOX11 expression is highly specific for mantle cell lymphoma and identifies the cyclin D1-negative subtype. Haematologica. 2009;94:1555–62.
Jares P, Colomer D, Campo E. Molecular pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:3416–23.
Caballero D, Campo E, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Recommendations from the GEL/TAMO Spanish Cooperative Group. Ann Hematol. 2013;92:1151–79.
Campo E, Cardesa A, Alos L, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. An immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96:184–90.
de Leval L, Bonnet C, Copie-Bergman C, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer’s ring has distinct clinicopathologic features: a GELA study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:3143–51.
Lopez-Guillermo A, Colomo L, Jimenez M, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical and biological characterization and outcome according to the nodal or extranodal primary origin. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2797–804.
Colomo L, Lopez-Guillermo A, Perales M, et al. Clinical impact of the differentiation profile assessed by immunophenotyping in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2003;101:78–84.
Gutierrez-Garcia G, Cardesa-Salzmann T, Climent F, et al. Gene-expression profiling and not immunophenotypic algorithms predicts prognosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy. Blood. 2011;117:4836–43.
Salaverria I, Philipp C, Oschlies I, et al. Translocations activating IRF4 identify a subtype of germinal center-derived B-cell lymphoma affecting predominantly children and young adults. Blood. 2011;118:139–47.
Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature. 2000;403:503–11.
Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC, et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1937–47.
Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, et al. Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. J Exp Med. 2001;194:1861–74.
Lenz G, Wright GW, Emre NC, et al. Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arise by distinct genetic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:13520–5.
Salles G, de Jong D, Xie W, et al. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study from the Lunenburg Lymphoma Biomarker Consortium. Blood. 2011;117:7070–8.
Salaverria I, Zettl A, Bea S, et al. Chromosomal alterations detected by comparative genomic hybridization in subgroups of gene expression-defined Burkitt’s lymphoma. Haematologica. 2008;93:1327–34.
Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4124–30.
de Leval L, Gisselbrecht C, Gaulard P. Advances in the understanding and management of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2010;148:673–89.
Attygalle AD, Chuang SS, Diss TC, et al. Distinguishing angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma from peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, using morphology, immunophenotype and molecular genetics. Histopathology. 2007;50:498–508.
Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Pileri SA, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;83:293–302.
Saygin C, Uzunaslan D, Ozguroglu M, et al. Dendritic cell sarcoma: a pooled analysis including 462 cases with presentation of our case series. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;88:253–71.
Lee EJ, Hyun DW, Cho HJ, et al. A rare case of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma in the nasal cavity. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013;2013:913157.
Parada D, Pena KB, Gil I, et al. Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma presenting in the nasal region. Pathol Res Pract. 2012;208:368–71.
Attard AA, Praveen P, Dunn PJ, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer of the oral cavity: the importance of having a detailed clinical history to reach a correct diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114:e37–9.
Dojcinov SD, Venkataraman G, Raffeld M, et al. EBV positive mucocutaneous ulcer – a study of 26 cases associated with various sources of immunosuppression. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:405–17.
McGinness JL, Spicknall KE, Mutasim DF. Azathioprine-induced EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39:377–81.
Dojcinov SD, Venkataraman G, Pittaluga S, et al. Age-related EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in the Western population: a spectrum of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117:4726–35.
Di NA, Giubettini M, Duranti E, et al. Iatrogenic EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disorder with features of EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer: evidence for concomitant TCRgamma/IGH rearrangements in the Hodgkin-like neoplastic cells. Virchows Arch. 2011;458:631–6.
Hashizume H, Uchiyama I, Kawamura T, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcers as a manifestation of methotrexate-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:276–7.
Delecluse HJ, Anagnostopoulos I, Dallenbach F, et al. Plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity: a new entity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood. 1997;89:1413–20.
Valera A, Balague O, Colomo L, et al. IG/MYC rearrangements are the main cytogenetic alteration in plasmablastic lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:1686–94.
Castillo J, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. HIV-associated plasmablastic lymphoma: lessons learned from 112 published cases. Am J Hematol. 2008;83:804–9.
Foss F. Evolving therapy of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: 2010 and beyond. Ther Adv Hematol. 2011;2:161–73.
Foss FM, Zinzani PL, Vose JM, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117:6756–67.
Piccaluga PP, Agostinelli C, Tripodo C, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma classification: the matter of cellular derivation. Expert Rev Hematol. 2011;4:415–25.
Lu NN, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Clinical behavior and treatment outcome of primary nasal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2012;118:1593–8.
Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:182–90.
Yamaguchi M, Kwong YL, Kim WS, et al. Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage IV, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:4410–6.
Yamaguchi M, Tobinai K, Oguchi M, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: an updated analysis of the Japan clinical oncology group study JCOG0211. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4044–6.
Jaccard A, Gachard N, Marin B, et al. Efficacy of L-asparaginase with methotrexate and dexamethasone (AspaMetDex regimen) in patients with refractory or relapsing extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, a phase 2 study. Blood. 2011;117:1834–9.
Koom WS, Chung EJ, Yang WI, et al. Angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas: radiotherapeutic viewpoints. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:1127–37.
Bhatti RM, Stelow EB. IgG4-related disease of the head and neck. Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20:10–6.
Geyer JT, Deshpande V. IgG4-associated sialadenitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:95–101.
Dahlgren M, Khosroshahi A, Nielsen GP, et al. Riedel’s thyroiditis and multifocal fibrosclerosis are part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1312–8.
Li Y, Zhou G, Ozaki T, et al. Distinct histopathological features of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with respect to IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol. 2012;25:1086–97.
Stone JH, Zen Y, Deshpande V. IgG4-related disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:539–51.
Troch M, Formanek M, Streubel B, et al. Clinicopathological aspects of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the parotid gland: a retrospective single-center analysis of 28 cases. Head Neck. 2011;33:763–7.
Jakobiec FA, Knowles DM. An overview of ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1989;87:420–42.
Johnson TE, Tse DT, Byrne Jr GE, et al. Ocular-adnexal lymphoid tumors: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 77 patients. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15:171–9.
White WL, Ferry JA, Harris NL, et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study with identification of lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1994–2006.
Alzouebi M, Goepel JR, Horsman JM, et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma: the 40 year experience of a UK lymphoma treatment centre. Int J Oncol. 2012;40:2075–80.
Thieblemont C, Mayer A, Dumontet C, et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:105–11.
Remstein ED, Dogan A, Einerson RR, et al. The incidence and anatomic site specificity of chromosomal translocations in primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) in North America. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1546–53.
Streubel B, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Mullauer L, et al. Variable frequencies of MALT lymphoma-associated genetic aberrations in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Leukemia. 2004;18:1722–6.
Streubel B, Vinatzer U, Lamprecht A, et al. T(3;14)(p14.1;q32) involving IGH and FOXP1 is a novel recurrent chromosomal aberration in MALT lymphoma. Leukemia. 2005;19:652–8.
Chan JK, Ng CS, Isaacson PG. Relationship between high-grade lymphoma and low-grade B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma) of the stomach. Am J Pathol. 1990;136:1153–64.
Ferreri AJ, Guidoboni M, Ponzoni M, et al. Evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:586–94.
Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Guidoboni M, et al. Regression of ocular adnexal lymphoma after Chlamydia psittaci-eradicating antibiotic therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5067–73.
Ellis GL. Lymphoid lesions of salivary glands: malignant and benign. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E479–85.
Dahl IM, Rasmussen T, Kauric G, et al. Differential expression of CD56 and CD44 in the evolution of extramedullary myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:273–7.
Garcia-Sanz R, Orfao A, Gonzalez M, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: clinical, immunophenotypic, DNA ploidy, and cytogenetic characteristics. Blood. 1999;93:1032–7.
Wirk B, Wingard JR, Moreb JS. Extramedullary disease in plasma cell myeloma: the iceberg phenomenon. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:10–8.
Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, et al. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia. 2007;21:340–50.
Roby BB, Drehner D, Sidman JD. Granulocytic sarcoma of pediatric head and neck: an institutional experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:1364–6.
Zhou J, Bell D, Medeiros LJ. Myeloid sarcoma of the head and neck region. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:1560–8.
Badalian-Very G, Vergilio JA, Fleming M, et al. Pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2013;8:1–20.
Behrens RJ, Levi AW, Westra WH, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Thyroid. 2001;11:697–705.
Abbondanzo SL, Wenig BM. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract. A clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 120 cases. Cancer. 1995;75:1281–91.
Chan JK, Ng CS, Lo ST. Immunohistological characterization of malignant lymphomas of the Waldeyer’s ring other than the nasopharynx. Histopathology. 1987;11:885–99.
Cuadra-Garcia I, Proulx GM, Wu CL, et al. Sinonasal lymphoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 58 cases from the Massachusetts General Hospital. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1356–69.
Fellbaum C, Hansmann ML, Lennert K. Malignant lymphomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1989;414:399–405.
Handlers JP, Howell RE, Abrams AM, et al. Extranodal oral lymphoma. Part I. A morphologic and immunoperoxidase study of 34 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;61:362–7.
Menarguez J, Mollejo M, Carrion R, et al. Waldeyer ring lymphomas. A clinicopathological study of 79 cases. Histopathology. 1994;24:13–22.
Morgan K, MacLennan KA, Narula A, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the larynx (stage IE). Cancer. 1989;64:1123–7.
Shima N, Kobashi Y, Tsutsui K, et al. Extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the head and neck. A clinicopathologic study in the Kyoto-Nara area of Japan. Cancer. 1990;66:1190–7.
Swerdlow JB, Merl SA, Davey FR, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma limited to the larynx. Cancer. 1984;53:2546–9.
van der Waal RI, Huijgens PC, van der Valk, et al. Characteristics of 40 primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the oral cavity in perspective of the new WHO classification and the International Prognostic Index. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:391–5.
Vega F, Lin P, Medeiros LJ. Extranodal lymphomas of the head and neck. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2005;9:340–50.
Frierson Jr HF, Innes Jr DJ, Mills SE, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of sinonasal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:636–42.
Mills SE, Stelow EB, Hunt JL. Hematopoietic and lymphoid disorders; tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract and ear. In: AFIP atlas of tumor pathology, fourth series. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology; 2004.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martinez, D., Colomo, L., Soldini, D., Campo, E. (2016). Benign and Malignant Lymphoid Lesions of the Head and Neck. In: Cardesa, A., Slootweg, P., Gale, N., Franchi, A. (eds) Pathology of the Head and Neck. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49672-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49672-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49670-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49672-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)