Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methodology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

  • 620 Accesses

Abstract

The emission inventory was developed using a bottom-up approach based on activity intensity and emission factor as follows.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alsberg, T., Stenberg, U., Westerholm, R., Strandell, M., Rannug, U., Sundvall, A., et al. (1985). Chemical and biological characterization of organic material from gasoline exhaust particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 19(1), 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bain, C., Feskanich, D., Speizer, F. E., Thun, M., Hertzmark, E., Rosner, B. A., et al. (2004). Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 96, 826–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, C. J. S., Betts, W. E., Giavazzi, F., Guttmann, H., Heinze, P., Mayers, R. F., et al. (1992). The chemical composition of diesel particulate emissions. CONCAWE, Brussels, Report no. 92/51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benner, B. A., Gordon, G. E., & Wise, S. A. (1989). Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study. Environmental Science and Technology, 23(10), 1269–1278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergvall, C., & Westerholm, R. (2009). Determination of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers in particulate emissions from two diesel- and two gasoline-fuelled light-duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 43(25), 3883–3890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyea, J., Stellman, S. D., Hatch, M., & Gammon, M. D. (2008). Airborne emissions from 1961 to 2004 of benzo[a]pyrene from U.S. vehicles per km of travel based on tunnel studies. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(19), 7315–7320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini, L., Gisfredi, S., Ursino, S., Lucchi, M., Greco, G., Mussi, A., et al. (2008). Effect of the p53 codon 72 and intron 3 polymorphisms on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis. Cancer Investigation, 26, 168–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., & Klimont, Z. (2004). A technology‐based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109(D14).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., et al. (2007). Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, 1850–2000, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boström, C. E., Gerde, P., Hanberg, A., Jernstrom, B., Johansson, C., Kyrklund, T., et al. (2002). Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 451–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadle, S. H., Mulawa, P. A., Hunsanger, E. C., Nelson, K., Ragazzi, R. A., Barrett, R., et al. (1999). Composition of light-duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter in the Denver. Colorado area. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(14), 2328–2339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • California Environmental Protection Agency (2014). Technical support document for cancer potency factors: Methodologies for derivation, listing of available values, and adjustments to allow for early life stage exposures. Retrieved from http://oehha.ca.gov/air/hot_spots/2009/TSDCancerPotency.pdf.

  • Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA) (2013). CARMA Notes: Data Accuracy. Retrieved from http://www.carma.org.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf.

  • Chellam, S., Kulkarni, P., & Fraser, M. P. (2005). Emissions of organic compounds and trace metals in fine particulate matter from motor vehicles: A tunnel study in Houston, Texas. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55(1), 60–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • China Energy Group (2008). China Energy Databook Version 7.0. Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Energy Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciais, P., Paris, J. D., Marland, G., Peylin, P., Piao, S. L., Pregger, T., et al. (2010). The European carbon balance. Part 1: Fossil fuel emissions. Global Change Biology, 16, 1395–1408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dachs, J., Lohmann, R., Ockenden, W. A., Méjanelle, L., Eisenreich, S. J., & Jones, K. C. (2002). Oceanic biogeochemical controls on global dynamics of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science Technology, 36(20), 4229–4237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, L., Duan, F., Wang, P., Song, C., Wang, K., & Zhang, J. (2012). XRCC1 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis of 44 case-control studies. Molecular Biology Reports, 39, 9535–9547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. C., Diegel, S. W., & Boundy, R. G. (2010). Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from http://cta.ornl.gov/data/download28.shtml.

  • De Abrantes, R., De Assuncao, J. V., & Pesquero, U. R. (2004). Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from light-duty diesel vehicles exhaust. Atmospheric Environment, 38(11), 1631–1640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, D., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Guo, Y., Jiang, L., He, X., et al. (2012). Genetic variation of XPA gene and risk of cancer: A systematic review and pooled analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 131, 486–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, W. X., Hua, R. X., Yi, W., Shen, L. J., Jin, Z. X., Zhao, Y. H., et al. (2012). The association between OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis of 27 studies. PLoS ONE, 7, e35970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, X. L. (2012). Research methods of exposure factors and its application in environmental health risk assessment (pp. 122–129). Beijing, China: Beijing Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durbin, T. D., Truex, T. J., & Norbeck, J. M. (1998). Particulate measurements and emissions characterization of alternative fuel vehicle exhaust. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, NREL/SR-540-25741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Lamarque, J. F., Hess, P. G., Avery, M., Blake, D., et al. (2010). Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(13), 6195–6212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endresen, Ø. E., Sørgård, H. L., Behrens, P. O., Brett, P. O., & Isaksen, I. S. A. (2007). A historical reconstruction of ships’ fuel consumption and emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D12301. doi:10.1029/2006JD007630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environment Australia (EA) (2003). Technical report No. 1: Toxic emissions from diesel vehicles in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/report1/index.html.

  • ESRI Inc (2014). ArcGIS for Desktop. Retrieved from http://www.esri.com.

  • Esteve, W., Budzinski, H., & Villenave, E. (2006). Relative rate constants for the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and OH radicals with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on carbonaceous particles. Part 2: PAHs adsorbed on diesel particulate exhaust SRM 1650a. Atmospheric Environment, 40(2), 201–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (1999). Choice of a marker compound for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ 20060715141954/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/aqs/poly/6.htm.

  • Ezzati, M., & Lopez, A. D. (2003). Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. Lancet, 362, 847–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenelon, A. & Preston, S. H. (2011). Estimating smoking-attributable mortality in the United States. Demography, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Z., Ni, Y., Dong, W., Shen, H., & Du, J. (2012). Association of ERCC2/XPD polymorphisms and interaction with tobacco smoking in lung cancer susceptibility: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Biology Reports, 39, 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012). FAOSTAT. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx.

  • Fraser, M. P., Cass, G. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (1998). Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(14), 2051–2060.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, E. M., Campbell, D. E., Arnott, W. P., Chow, J. C., & Zielinska, B. (2007). Evaluations of the chemical mass balance method for determining contributions of gasoline and diesel exhaust to ambient carbonaceous aerosols. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 57(6), 721–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspar, P. A., Hutz, M. H., Salzano, F. M., Hill, K., Hurtado, A. M., Petzl-Erler, M. L., et al. (2002). Polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and TP53 genes in Amerindians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119(3), 249–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GENISIM (2012). Aluminum Smelters. Retrieved from http://www.genisim.com/aluminum/smelters/smelters.htm.

  • Guan, P., Huang, D., Yin, Z., & Zhou, B. (2011). Association of the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism with increased lung cancer susceptibility in Asians: A meta-analysis of 18 studies including 7592 cases and 8129 controls. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12, 1067–1072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, C. A., Stram, D. O., Wilkens, L. R., Pike, M. C., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., et al. (2006). Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 333–342.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handa, T., Yamauchi, T., Sawai, K., Yamamura, T., Koseki, Y., & Ishii, T. (2002). In situ emission levels of carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds from diesel and gasoline engine vehicles on an expressway. Environmental Science and Technology, 18(12), 895–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HARP-HAZ (2000). Guidance document on quantification and reporting on discharges/emissions/losses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Norway: HARP-HAZ project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (2014). Federal contaminated site risk assessment in Canada, part I: guidance on human health preliminary quantitative risk assessment (PQRA), Version 2.0. Retrieved from http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca/.

  • Herath, N. I., Kew, M. C., Whitehall, V. L., Walsh, M. D., Jass, J. R., Khanna, K. K., et al. (2000). p73 is up-regulated in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology, 31, 601–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrstka, R., Coates, P. J., & Vojtesek, B. (2009). Polymorphisms in p53 and the p53 pathway: Roles in cancer susceptibility and response to treatment. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 13, 440–453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Infobank (2010). China content provider. Retrieved from http://www.bjinfobank.com.

  • Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (2014). European Exposure Factors Database. Retrieved from http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_databases/expofacts.

  • International Energy Agency (2011). IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/statistics.

  • Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’. Nature Genetics, 36, S28–S33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kado, N. Y., Okamoto, R. A., Kuzmicky, P. A., Kobayashi, R., Ayala, A., Gebel, M. E., et al. (2005). Emissions of toxic pollutants from compressed natural gas and low sulfur diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested over multiple driving cycles. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(19), 7638–7649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan, T. F., Kwamena, N.-O. A., & Donaldson, D. J. (2006). Heterogeneous ozonation kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on organic films. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3448–3459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, K., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., et al. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karavalakis, G., Alvanou, F., Stournas, S., & Bakeas, E. (2009). Regulated and unregulated emissions of a light duty vehicle operated on diesel/palm-based methyl ester blends over NEDC and a non-legislated driving cycle. Fuel, 88(6), 1078–1085.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. M., Lee, O. Y., Lee, C. G., Kwon, S. J., Kim, K. S., Moon, W., et al. (2007). p53 codon 72 and 16-bp duplication polymorphisms of gastric cancer in Koreans. The Korean Journal of Gastroentrerology, 50(5), 292–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., Cheong, H. K., Choi, K., Yang, J. Y., Kim, S. J., Jo, S. N., & Jang, J. Y. (2006). Development of Korean exposure factors handbook for exposure assessment. Epidemiology, 17, S460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyohara, C., Otsu, A., Shirakawa, T., Fukuda, S., & Hopkin, J. M. (2002). Genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility: A review. Lung Cancer, 37, 241–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyohara, C., Yoshimasu, K., Takayama, K., & Nakanishi, Y. (2005). NQO1, MPO, and the risk of lung cancer: A HuGE review. Genetics IN Medicine, 7, 463–478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensson, A., Johansson, C., Westerholm, R., Swietlicki, E., Gidhagen, L., Wideqvist, U., et al. (2004). Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and particles measured in a road tunnel in Stockholm. Sweden Atmospheric Environment, 38(5), 657–673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lammel, G., Sehili, A. M., Bond, T. C., Feichter, J., & Grassl, H. (2009). Gas/particle partitioning and global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—a modelling approach. Chemosphere, 76, 98–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landi, S., Gemignani, F., Monnier, S., & Canzian, F. (2005). A database of singe-nucleotide polymorphisms and a genotyping microarray for genetic epidemiology of lung cancer. Experimental Lung Research, 31, 223–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layton, D. W. (1993). Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments. Health Physics, 64, 23–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonidas, N., & Zissis, S. (2000). COPERT III (pp. 76–77). Copenhagen: Computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport. European Envirment Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, M. C. H., Ayoko, G. A., Morawska, L., Ristovski, Z. D., & Jayaratne, E. R. (2007). Influence of fuel composition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of in-service passenger cars. Atmospheric Environment, 41(1), 150–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, R., & Lammel, G. (2004). Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: State of knowledge and recommended parametrization for modeling. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(14), 3793–3803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, J. M., Daggupaty, S., Harner, T., & Li, Y. F. (2003). Impacts of lindane usage in the Canadian prairies on the Great Lakes ecosystem. 1. Coupled atmospheric transport model and modeled concentrations in air and soil. Environmental Science Technology, 37(17), 3774–3781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr, L. C., Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., Miguel, A. H., Hering, S. V., & Hammond, S. K. (1999). Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(18), 3091–3099.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matakidou, A., Eisen, T., & Houlston, R. S. (2003). TP53 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mutagenesis, 18, 377–385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mi, H.-H., Lee, W.-J., Tsai, P.-J., & Chen, C.-B. (2001). A comparison on the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their corresponding carcinogenic potencies from a vehicle engine using leaded and lead-free gasoline. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(12), 1285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Microsoft Corporation (2014). All Office products. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com.

  • Miguel, A. H., Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., & Hering, S. V. (1998). On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(4), 450–455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakićenović, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G., Vries, B. D., Fenhann, J., Gaffin, S., et al. (2000). Emissions scenarios: A special report of working Group III of the Inter-governmental panel on climate change. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (1983). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: evaluation of sources and effects. Washington, DC. ISBN 978-0-309-07758-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (2014). Japanese Exposure Factors Handbook. Retrieved from http://unit.aist.go.jp/riss/crm/exposurefactors/english_summary.html.

  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2012). Global Gas Flaring Estimates. Retrieved from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/interest/gas_flares.html.

  • Nelson, P. F., Tibbett, A. R., & Day, S. J. (2008). Effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on real world toxic emissions from diesel vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 42(21), 5291–5303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nerurkar, P. V., Okinaka, L., Aoki, C., Seifried, A., Lum-Jones, A., Wilkens, L. R., et al. (2000). CYP1A1, GSTM1, ad GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in non-occupationally exposed individuals. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 9, 1119–1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ning, Z., Polidori, A., Schauer, J. J., & Sioutas, C. (2008). Emission factors of PM species based on freeway measurements and comparison with tunnel and dynamometer studies. Atmospheric Environment, 42(13), 3099–3114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norbeck, J. M., Durbin, T. D., & Truex, T. J. (1998). Measurement of primary particulate matter emissions from light-duty motor vehicles. Coordinating Research Council, Inc. and South Coast Air Quality Management District, CRC Project no. E-24-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (2014). LandScan Global Population 2007 Database. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/.

  • Pakbin, P., Ning, Z., Schauer, J. J., & Sioutas, C. (2009). Characterization of Particle Bound Organic Carbon from Diesel Vehicles Equipped with Advanced Emission Control Technologies. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(13), 4679–4686.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perneger, T. V. (2001). Sex, smoking, and cancer: a reappraisal. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93, 1600–1602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phuleria, H. C., Geller, M. D., Fine, P. M., & Sioutas, C. (2006). Size-resolved emissions of organic tracers from light-and heavy-duty vehicles measured in a California roadway tunnel. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(13), 4109–4118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, S. G., Jakober, C. A., Robert, M. A., Cahill, T. M., Charles, M. J., & Kleeman, M. J. (2007a). Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 41(38), 8658–8668.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, S. G., Robert, M. A., Jakober, C. A., Hannigan, M. P., & Kleeman, M. J. (2007b). Size distribution of trace organic species emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(6), 1962–1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, S. G., Robert, M. A., Jakober, C. A., Hannigan, M. P., & Kleeman, M. J. (2007c). Size distribution of trace organic species emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(21), 7464–7471.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (1993). Sources of fine organic aerosol.2. noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science and Technology, 27(4), 636–651.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagebiel, J. C., Zielinska, B., Walsh, P. A., Chow, J. C., Cadle, S. H., Mulawa, P. A., et al. (1997). PM-10 exhaust samples collected during IM-240 dynamometer tests of in-service vehicles in Nevada. Environmental Science and Technology, 31(1), 75–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (1999). Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C-1 through C-30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks. Environmental Scienece & Technology, 33(10), 1578–1587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2002). Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(6), 1169–1180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, H. Z., Huang, Y., Wang, R., Zhu, D., Li, W., Shen, G., et al. (2013). Global atmospheric emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and future predictions. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 6415–6424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, H. Z., Tao, S., Liu, J., Huang, Y., Chen, H., Li, W., et al. (2014). Global lung cancer risk from PAH exposure highly depends on emission sources and individual susceptibility. Scientific Reports,. doi:10.1038/srep06561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, H. Z., Tao, S., Wang, R., Wang, B., Shen, G. F., Li, W., et al. (2011). Global time trends in PAH emissions from motor vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 2067–2073.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried, J. M. (2001). Women and lung cancer: Does oestrogen play a role? The lancet Oncology, 2, 506–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegl, W. O., Hammerle, R. H., Herrmann, H. M., Wenclawiak, B. W., & Luers-Jongen, B. (1999). Organic emissions profile for a light-duty diesel vehicle. Atmospheric Environment, 33(5), 797–805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Själander, A., Birgander, R., Saha, N., Beckman, L., & Beckman, G. (1996). p53 polymorphisms and haplotypes show distinct differences between major ethnic groups. Human Heredity, 46(1), 41–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staehelin, J., Keller, C., Stahel, W., Schlapfer, K., & Wunderli, S. (1998). Emission factors from road traffic from a tunnel study (Gubrist tunnel, Switzerland). Part III: Results of organic compounds, SO2 and speciation of organic exhaust emission. Atmospheric Environment, 32(6), 999–1009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, S., Frank, B. P., Lanni, T., Rideout, G., Meyer, N., & Beregszaszy, C. (2007). Unregulated emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine with various fuels and emission control systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(14), 5037–5043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (2014). Theme 2: Source apportionment and source/receptor analysis. Retrieved from http://www.htap.org/.

  • The Department of Health (2014). Australian exposure factor guidance. Retrieved from www.health.gov.au.

  • The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). (2008). TERI Energy data directory and yearbook, 2007. New Delhi, India: TERI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/member.do?method=getMembers&userid=1&queryId=6.

  • The World Factbook (2014). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.

  • U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012). International Energy Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm.

  • U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2012). Commodity Statistics and Information. Retrieved from http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity.

  • U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2012). Primary Aluminum Plants Worldwide-1998. Retrieved from http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals.

  • United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2008). International yearbook of industrial statistics 2008. Cheltenham, U.K: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (2011). Environmental Indicators: Waste. Retrieved from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/qindicators.htm.

  • United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) (2014). National Program of Cancer Registries. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/download_data.htm.

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1995). Appendix H: Highway Mobile Source Emission Factors Tables. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ap42.htm.

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2011). Exposure factors handbook (2011 ed.). EPA/600/R-09/052F.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., et al. (2010). Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 11707–11735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walpole, S. C., Prieto-Merino, D., Edwards, P., Cleland, J., Stevens, G., & Roberts, L. (2012). The weight of nations: An estimation of adult human biomass. BMC Public Health, 12, 439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B. G., Lu, W. M., Zhou, Y., Shao, M., & Zhang, Y. H. (2007). Emission characteristic of PAHs composition in motor vehicles exhaust of city tunnel. China Environmental Science, 27(4), 482–487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R., Tao, S., Ciais, P., Shen, H. Z., Huang, Y., Chen, H., et al. (2013). High-resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for CO2 emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(10), 5189–5203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Li, H., Liu, H. J., Yue, X., Pan, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2002). In Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM exhaust from light-duty vehicles. The Ninth Nation Conference on Atmospheric Environment, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R. N., Almen, J., Li, H., Rannug, J. U., Egebaeck, K. E., & Graegg, K. (1991). Chemical and biological characterization of particulate-, semivolatile-, and gas-phase-associated compounds in diluted heavy-duty diesel exhausts: A comparison of three different semivolatile-phase samplers. Environmental Science and Technology, 25(2), 332–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R. N., Alsberg, T. E., Frommelin, A. B., Strandell, M. E., Rannug, U., Winquist, L., et al. (1988). Effect of fuel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagenic substances from a gasoline-fueled automobile. Environmental Science and Technology, 22(8), 925–930.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R., & Egeback, K. E. (1994). Exhaust emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles—chemical-composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102, 13–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R., & Li, H. (1994). A multivariate statistical-analysis of fuel-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 28(5), 965–972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R., Almen, J., Li, H., Rannug, U., & Rosen, A. (1992). Exhaust emissions from gasoline-fueled light duty vehicles operated in different driving conditions—a chemical and biological characterization. Atmospheric Environment Part B, 26(1), 79–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R., Christensen, A., & Rosen, A. (1996). Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions from two three-way catalyst equipped gasoline fuelled vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 30(20), 3529–3536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerholm, R., Christensen, A., Tornqvist, M., Ehrenberg, L., Rannug, U., Sjogren, M., et al. (2001). Comparison of exhaust emissions from Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel (MK1) and European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) reference fuel: A chemical and biological characterization with viewpoints on cancer risk. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(9), 1748–1754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingfors, H., Sjodin, A., Haglund, P., & Brorstrom-Lunden, E. (2001). Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg. Sweden Atmospheric Environment, 35(36), 6361–6369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2014). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.

  • World Health Organization (2014). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main?lang=en.

  • World Steel Association (2012). Retrieved from http://www.worldsteel.org.

  • Xu, S. S., Liu, W. X., & Tao, S. (2006). Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(3), 702–708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, H. H., Hsieh, L. T., Liu, H. C., & Mi, H. H. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from motorcycles. Atmospheric Environment, 39(1), 17–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, W., Clyne, M., Khoury, M. J., & Gwinn, M. (2010). Phenopedia and genopedia: Disease-centered and gene-centered views of the evolving knowledge of human genetic associations. Bioinformatics, 26, 145–146 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhan, P., Wang, Q., Qian, Q., Wei, S. Z., & Yu, L. K. (2011). CYP1A1 MspI and exon7 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis and review. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research, 30, 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Wang, J., Xu, L., Zhou, J., Guan, X., Jiang, F., et al. (2012). Nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1 polymorphisms contribute to cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Mutagenesis, 27, 67–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Song, H., Higgens, J. P. T., Pharoah, P., & Danesh, J. (2006). Five Glutathione S-Transferase gene variants in 23,452 cases of lung cancer and 30,397 controls: Meta-analysis of 130 studies. PLoS Medicine, 3, 0524–0534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, D., Tao, S., Wang, R., Shen, H. Z., Huang, Y., Shen, G. F., et al. (2013). Temporal and spatial trends of residential energy consumption and air pollutant emissions in China. Applied Energy, 106, 17–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Mcdonald, J. D., Whitney, K., & Lawson, D. R. (2003). Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles. 4th Colloquium on PM and Human Health, 54, 1138–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou, J. H., An, L., Chen, S., & Ren, L. Q. (2012). XPA A23G polymorphism and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Molecular Biology Reports, 39, 1435–1440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Huizhong Shen

Authors
  1. Huizhong Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huizhong Shen .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shen, H. (2016). Methodology. In: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Springer Theses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49680-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation