Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Return to Sports Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Recommendations of the German Knee Society (Deutsche Kniegesellschaft, DKG)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Return to Play in Football

Abstract

Re-rupture rates after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction vary between 2% and 23% for the operated knee and 7% and 24% for the contralateral side. One cause for re-ruptures could be persisting neuromuscular deficits. For this reason the German Knee Society has complied criteria as part of a consensus process to enable athletes to return safely to sports and activity.

Basic criteria are the absence of effusion, passive stability, and range of motion. These criteria should be classified as A or B according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) classification. In case of pathological results (IKDC C or D), additional examinations such as blood analysis, MRI, or CT scan are needed to evaluate the indication for revision surgery.

If the basic criteria are classified as normal (A) or nearly normal (B), neuromuscular tests are needed. Isokinetic strength tests should be used to evaluate strength deficits. The functional stability of the knee can be tested with single-leg hop tests (limb symmetry index (LSI) > 85%). With simple motion analyses, hazardous motion patterns such as dynamic valgus can be discovered.

In conclusion, a purely time-based return to sports decision should be left for an individual decision based on functional criteria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Top Five Evidence Based References

  • Ajuied A, Wong F, Smith C, Norris M, Earnshaw P, Back D, Davies A (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament injury and radiologic progression of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 42(9):2242–2252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andernord D, Desai N, Björnsson H, Gillén S, Karlsson J, Samuelsson K (2015) Predictors of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of 9061 patients with 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 43(2):295–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbst E, Hoser C, Hildebrandt C, Raschner C, Hepperger C, Pointner H, Fink C (2015) Functional assessments for decision-making regarding return to sports following ACL reconstruction. Part II: clinical application of a new test battery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23(5):1283–1291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pauzenberger L, Syré S, Schurz M (2013) “Ligamentization” in hamstring tendon grafts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of the literature and a glimpse into the future. Arthroscopy 29(10):1712–1721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen W, Taheri P, Forkel P, Zantop T (2014) Return to play following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review about strength deficits. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 134(10):1417–1428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Ajuied A, Wong F, Smith C, Norris M, Earnshaw P, Back D, Davies A (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament injury and radiologic progression of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 42(9):2242–2225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Abe S, Kurosaka M, Iguchi T, Yoshiya S, Hirohata K (1993) Light and electron microscopic study of remodeling and maturation process in autogenous graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 9:394–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Achtnich A, Stiepani H, Forkel P, Metzlaff S, Hänninen EL, Petersen W (2013) Tunnel widening after anatomic double-bundle and mid-position single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 29(9):1514–1524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ageberg E, Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Simic M, Roos EM, Creaby MW (2010) Validity and inter-rater reliability of mediolateral knee motion observed during a single-limb mini squat. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 11:265

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Andernord D, Desai N, Björnsson H, Gillén S, Karlsson J, Samuelsson K (2015) Predictors of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of 9061 patients with 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 43(2):295–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, Feller JA (2011) Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play. Br J Sports Med 45(7):596–606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, Feller JA (2011) Return to the preinjury level of competitive sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: two-thirds of patients have not returned by 12 months after surgery. Am J Sports Med 39(3):538–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST, Campbell T, Noyes FR (2010) The drop-jump video screening test: retention of improvement in neuromuscular control in female volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 24(11):3055–3062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR (2011) Factors used to determine return to unrestricted sports activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 27(12):1697–1705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bonfim TR, Paccola CA, Barela JA (2003) Proprioceptive and behavior impairments in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:1217–1223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Claes S, Verdonk P, Forsyth R, Bellemans J (2011) The “ligamentization” process in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: what happens to the human graft? A systematic review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 39(11):2476–2483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Clagg S, Paterno MV, Hewett T, Schmitt LC (2015) Performance on the modified star excursion balance test at the time of return to sports following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 45(6):444–452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Crossley KM, Zhang WJ, Schache AG, Bryant A, Cowan SM (2011) Performance on the single-leg squat task indicates hip abductor muscle function. Am J Sports Med 39:866–873

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Deneweth JM, Bey MJ, McLean SG, Lock TR, Kolowich PA, Tashman S (2010) Tibiofemoral joint kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee during a single-legged hop landing. Am J Sports Med 38:1820–1828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Falconiero RP, DiStefano VJ, Cook TM (1998) Revascularization and ligamentization of autogenous anterior cruciate ligament grafts in humans. Arthroscopy 14:197–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Faunø P, Rahr-Wagner L, Lind M (2014) Risk for revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is higher among adolescents: results from the danish registry of knee ligament reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2(10):2325967114552405. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967114552405

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Fitzgerald GK, Lephart SM, Hwang JH, Wainner RS (2001) Hop tests as predictors of dynamic knee stability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31(10):588–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gifstad T, Foss OA, Engebretsen L, Lind M, Forssblad M, Albrektsen G, Drogset JO (2014) Lower risk of revision with patellar tendon autografts compared with hamstring autografts: a registry study based on 45,998 primary ACL reconstructions in Scandinavia. Am J Sports Med 42(10):2319–2328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gustavsson A, Neeter C, Thomeé P, Silbernagel KG, Augustsson J, Thomeé R, Karlsson J (2006) A test battery for evaluating hop performance in patients with an ACL injury and patients who have undergone ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14(8):778–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hall MP, Paik RS, Ware AJ, Mohr KJ, Limpisvasti O (2015) Neuromuscular evaluation with single-leg squat test at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 3(3):2325967115575900

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Hartigan EH, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L (2010) Time line for noncopers to pass return-to-sports criteria after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 40:141–154

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Herbst E, Hoser C, Hildebrandt C, Raschner C, Hepperger C, Pointner H, Fink C (2015) Functional assessments for decision-making regarding return to sports following ACL reconstruction. Part II: clinical application of a new test battery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23(5):1283–1291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Hildebrandt C, Müller L, Zisch B, Huber R, Fink C, Raschner C (2015) Functional assessments for decision-making regarding return to sports following ACL reconstruction. Part I: development of a new test battery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23(5):1273–1281

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Hewett TE, Di Stasi SL, Myer GD (2013) Current concepts for injury prevention in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 41(1):216–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR (2006) Preparticipation physical examination using a box drop vertical jump test in young athletes: the effects of puberty and sex. Clin J Sport Med 16:298–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hui C, Salmon LJ, Kok A, Maeno S, Linklater J, Pinczewski LA (2011) Fifteen-year outcome of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft for “isolated” anterior cruciate ligament tear. Am J Sports Med 39:89–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Itoh H, Kurosaka M, Yoshiya S, Ichihashi N, Mizuno K (1998) Evaluation of functional deficits determined by four different hop tests in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 6:241–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Janssen RPA, van der Wijk J, Fiedler A (2011) Remodelling of human hamstring autografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19:1299–1306

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Janssen RP, Scheffler SU (2014) Intra-articular remodelling of hamstring tendon grafts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 22(9):2102–2108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Keays SL, Bullock-Saxton JE, Keays AC, Newcombe PA, Bullock MI (2007) A 6-year follow-up of the effect of graft site on strength, stability, range of motion, function, and joint degeneration after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft. Am J Sports Med 35:729–739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kondo E, Yasuda K, Katsura T et al (2012) Biomechanical and histological evaluations of the doubled semitendinosus tendon autograft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep. Am J Sports Med 40:315–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Madhavan S, Shields RK (2011) Neuromuscular responses in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament repair. Clin Neurophysiol 122:997–1004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mayr HO, Stoehr A, Dietrich M, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Hube R, Senger S, Suedkamp NP, Bernstein A (2012) Graft-dependent differences in the ligamentization process of anterior cruciate ligament grafts in a sheep trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(5):947–956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mehran N, Williams PN, Keller RA, Khalil LS, Lombardo SJ, Kharrazi FD (2016) Athletic Performance at national basketball association combine after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 25(4):2325967116648083

    Google Scholar 

  35. Minzner RL, Chmielewski TL, Toepke JJ, Tofte KB (2012) Comparison of 2-dimensional measurement techniques for predicting knee angle and moment during a drop vertical jump. Clin J Sport Med 22(3):221–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Myklebust G, Holm I, Maehlum S, Engebretsen L, Bahr R (2003) Clinical, functional, and radiologic outcome in team handball players 6 to 11 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 31:981–989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Myer GD, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Quatman CE, Hewett TE (2006) Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: criteria-based progression through the return-to-sport phase. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 36(6):385–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Myer GD, Ford KR, Barber Foss KD, Liu C, Nick TG, Hewett TE (2009) The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Clin J Sport Med 19(1):3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE (1991) Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 19:513–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Fleckenstein C, Walsh C, West J (2005) The drop-jump screening test: difference in lower limb control by gender and effect of neuromuscular training in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 33(2):197–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Orishimo KF, Kremenic IJ, Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Nicholas SJ (2010) Adaptations in single leg hop biomechanics following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1587–1593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pauzenberger L, Syré S, Schurz M (2013) “Ligamentization” in hamstring tendon grafts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of the literature and a glimpse into the future. Arthroscopy 29(10):1712–1721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Petersen W, Laprell H (2000) Insertion of autologous tendon grafts to the bone: a histological and immunohistochemical study of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 8(1):26–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Petersen W, Forkel P, Achtnich A, Metzlaff S, Zantop T (2013) Anatomic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in single bundle technique. Oper Orthop Traumatol 25(2):185–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Petersen W, Ellermann A, Gösele-Koppenburg A, Best R, Rembitzki IV, Brüggemann GP, Liebau C (2014) Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 22(10):2264–2274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Petersen W, Taheri P, Forkel P, Zantop T (2014) Return to play following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review about strength deficits. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 134(10):1417–1428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Petersen W, Stöhr A, Ellermann A, Achtnich A, Müller PE, Stoffels T, Patt T, Höher J, Herbort M, Akoto R, Jung T, Zantop C, Zantop T, Best R (2016) Wiederkehr zum Sport nach VKB-Rekonstruktion Empfehlungen der DKG-Expertengruppe Ligament. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, OUP 5(3):168

    Google Scholar 

  48. Petersen W, Diermeier T, Mehl J, Stöhr A, Ellermann A, Müller P, Höher J, Herbort M, Akoto R, Zantop T, Herbst E, Jung T, Patt T, Stein T, Best R, Stoffels T, Achtnich A (2016) Prävention von Knieverletzungen und VKB-Rupturen. Empfehlungen des DKG Komitees Ligamentverletzungen OUP 10:542–550. https://doi.org/10.3238/oup.2016.0542–0550

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pinczewski LA, Lyman J, Salmon LJ, Russell VJ, Roe J, Linklater J (2007) A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. Am J Sports Med 35:564–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Reid A, Birmingham TB, Stratford PW, Alcock GK, Giffin JR (2007) Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther 87(3):337–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rodeo SA, Arnoczky SP, Torzilli PA, Hidaka C, Warren RF (1993) Tendon-healing in a bone tunnel. A biomechanical and histological study in the dog. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75(12):1795–1803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Roi GS, Creta D, Nanni G et al (2005) Return to official Italian First Division soccer games within 90 days after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35:52–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rougraff B, Shelbourne KD, Gerth PK, Warner J (1993) Arthroscopic and histologic analysis of human patellar tendon autografts used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 21:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rudolph KS, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L (2000) Dynamic stability after ACL injury: who can hop? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 8(5):262–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rudolph KS, Axe MJ, Buchanan TS, Scholz JP, Snyder-Mackler L (2001) Dynamic stability in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9(2):62–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J et al (2010) Ligamentization of tendon grafts treated with an endogenous preparation rich in growth factors: gross morphology and histology. Arthroscopy 26:470–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanders TL, Kremers HM, Bryan AJ, Fruth KM, Larson DR, Pareek A, Levy BA, Stuart MJ, Dahm DL, Krych AJ (2016) Is anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction effective in preventing secondary meniscal tears and osteoarthritis? Am J Sports Med 44(7):1699–1707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Salmon LJ, Russell VJ, Refshauge K (2006) Long-term outcome of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft: minimum 13-year review. Am J Sports Med 34:721–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Schmitt LC, Paterno MV, Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE (2015) Strength asymmetry and landing mechanics at return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47(7):1426–1434

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Snyder-Mackler L, Fitzgerald GK, Bartolozzi AR III, Ciccotti MG (1997) The relationship between passive joint laxity and functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 25:191–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tashman S, Kolowich P, Collon D, Anderson K, Anderst W (2007) Dynamic function of the ACL-reconstructed knee during running. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454:66–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Thomeé R, Kaplan Y, Kvist J, Myklebust G, Risberg MA, Theisen D, Tsepis E, Werner S, Wondrasch B, Witvrouw E (2011) Muscle strength and hop performance criteria prior to return to sports after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(11):1798–1805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Thomeé R, Werner S (2011) Return to sport. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(11):1795–1797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. van Grinsven S, van Cingel RE, Holla CJ, van Loon CJ (2010) Evidence-based rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1128–1144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Webster KE, Feller JA, Lambros C (2008) Development and preliminary validation of a scale to measure the psychological impact of returning to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Phys Ther Sport 9(1):9–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Webster KE, Feller JA (2016) Exploring the high reinjury rate in younger patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 44:2827. pii: 0363546516651845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Weiler A, Hoffmann RF, Bail HJ, Rehm O, Südkamp NP (2002) Tendon healing in a bone tunnel. Part II: Histologic analysis after biodegradable interference fit fixation in a model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep. Arthroscopy 18(2):124–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK, Stanfield D, Webster KE, Myer GD (2016) Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 44(7):1861–1876

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Wright RW, Haas AK, Anderson J, Calabrese G, Cavanaugh J, Hewett TE, Lorring D, McKenzie C, Preston E, Williams G (2015) MOON Group. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation: MOON guidelines. Sports Health 7(3):239–243

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Xergia SA, McClelland JA, Kvist J, Vasiliadis HS, Georgoulis AD (2011) The influence of graft choice on isokinetic muscle strength 4-24 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(5):768–780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zwolski C, Schmitt LC, Thomas S, Hewett TE, Paterno MV (2016) The utility of limb symmetry indices in return-to-sport assessment in patients with bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 44(8):2030–2038

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

All members of the ligament committee of the German Knee Society (Deutsche Kniegesellschaft, DKG) contributed to the development of the presented algorithm: Petersen W, Diermeier T, Mehl J, Stöhr A, Ellermann A, Müller P, Höher J, Herbort M, Akoto R, Zantop T, Herbst E, Jung T, Patt T, Stein T, Best R, Stoffels T, and Achtnich A.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Martin Luther Hospital, Berlin, Germany

    Wolf Petersen

  2. Return to Play, Straubing, Germany

    Christian Zantop

  3. Sportorthopädie, Munich, Germany

    Andrea Achtnich

  4. Sporthopaedicum, Straubing, Germany

    Thore Zantop

  5. Orthopaedic Surgery Munich OCM, Munich, Germany

    Amelie Stöhr

Authors
  1. Wolf Petersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christian Zantop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrea Achtnich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thore Zantop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amelie Stöhr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wolf Petersen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UPMC Rooney Sports Complex, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Volker Musahl

  2. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jón Karlsson

  3. Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Werner Krutsch

  4. Santa Monica, California, USA

    Bert R. Mandelbaum

  5. Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, Porto, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes

  6. Orthopaedic Surgery, Aspetar Hospital, Doha, Qatar

    Pieter d'Hooghe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 ESSKA

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Petersen, W., Zantop, C., Achtnich, A., Zantop, T., Stöhr, A. (2018). Return to Sports Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Recommendations of the German Knee Society (Deutsche Kniegesellschaft, DKG). In: Musahl, V., Karlsson, J., Krutsch, W., Mandelbaum, B., Espregueira-Mendes, J., d'Hooghe, P. (eds) Return to Play in Football. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55713-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55713-6_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55712-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-55713-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation