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Nucleomorph Comparative Genomics

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Endosymbiosis

Abstract

Nucleomorphs are vestigial nuclei of endosymbiotic origin found in cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte algae. A wealth of molecular and comparative genomic data has been generated in recent years providing insight on the origins and evolution of these peculiar organelles. The cryptomonad nucleomorph (and its associated plastid) has been shown to be the product of a secondary (i.e., eukaryote–eukaryote) endosymbiotic event involving a red alga and a heterotrophic host, while chlorarachniophytes have a green algal-derived nucleomorph. Despite their independent origins, the nucleomorphs of both lineages show similar features, most notably the presence of three linear chromosomes and sub-telomeric ribosomal DNA operons. Recent study has revealed similarities between the cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte nucleomorphs not only in their genome structures but also in their coding content. Significant differences nevertheless exist. For example, spliceosomal introns are rare (or completely absent) in cryptomonad nucleomorph genomes but highly abundant in chlorarachniophytes. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge of nucleomorph genome biology, focusing on the evolution, diversity, and function of nucleomorphs in the two lineages that bear them.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Shuhei Ota for providing light micrographs and TEM pictures of chlorarachniophytes and Christa Moore for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Nucleomorph genome sequencing projects in the Archibald Laboratory are supported by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Regional Partnership Program, together with the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation. GT is supported by a Tula Foundation postdoctoral fellowship from the Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics at Dalhousie University. JMA is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, and holder of a New Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

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  1. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada

    Goro Tanifuji & John M. Archibald

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  1. Goro Tanifuji
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Correspondence to John M. Archibald .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Wolfgang Löffelhardt

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Tanifuji, G., Archibald, J.M. (2014). Nucleomorph Comparative Genomics. In: Löffelhardt, W. (eds) Endosymbiosis. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_11

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