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Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water and Recreational Water

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Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease

Abstract

Oocysts belonging to a wide variety of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium are common in livestock, wild animals, and humans. Consequently, water is frequently contaminated through direct contact with infected animals and their waste, run-off from contaminated land, or structural and engineering failures in water conveyance, storage, or treatment facilities. Oocysts are resistant to chlorine disinfection at the concentrations typically applied during drinking water treatment but properly operated treatment plants that utilize filtration usually remove oocysts from source water with high efficiency. Nevertheless, waterborne Cryptosporidium continues to be a public health concern. Outbreaks have been linked to treated drinking water, but regulations enacted over the last decade, better watershed management, and operational improvements have led to a decline in drinking water related cryptosporidiosis in some countries. However, the same period has seen a marked increase in cryptosporidiosis outbreaks caused by contamination of recreational water, particularly swimming pools. This chapter reviews recent waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, discusses oocyst prevalence in drinking water and recreational water, examines the risk of waterborne transmission, and describes the principal methods for detecting oocysts in water, including genotyping environmental oocysts.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The 20-year period without a cryptosporidiosis outbreak linked to a municipal surface water supply in the U.S. ended recently. An outbreak in Baker City, Oregon during the summer of 2013 was linked to an unfiltered surface water supply with up to 91 oocysts/L in one supply creek (www.bakercity.com; accessed Sept. 25, 2013).

  2. 2.

    The 20-year period without a cryptosporidiosis outbreak linked to a municipal surface water supply in the U.S. ended recently. An outbreak in Baker City, Oregon during the summer of 2013 was linked to an unfiltered surface water supply with up to 91 oocysts/L in one supply creek (www.bakercity.com; accessed Sept. 25, 2013).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA, 91750, USA

    Paul A. Rochelle

  2. University of Texas School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, 1101 N. Campbell CH 412, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA

    George D. Di Giovanni

Authors
  1. Paul A. Rochelle
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  2. George D. Di Giovanni
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Correspondence to Paul A. Rochelle .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    Simone M. Cacciò

  2. Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA

    Giovanni Widmer

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© 2014 Springer-Verlag Wien

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Rochelle, P.A., Di Giovanni, G.D. (2014). Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water and Recreational Water. In: Cacciò, S., Widmer, G. (eds) Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_12

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