Abstract
The term transition is employed by various scholars and organisations working on sustainable development. The first book containing these terms was the book The Transition to Sustainability. The Politics of Agenda 21 in Europe, edited by Timothy O’Riordan and Heather Voisey, published in 1998. This book was followed by two other books which similar titles: Our Common Journey: A transition toward sustainability by The Board on Sustainable Development of the US National Research Council (NRC 1999) and Sustainable development: The challenge of transition edited by Jurgen Schmandt and C.H. Ward contained contributions from Frances Cairncross, Herman Daly, Stephen Schneider which came out in 2000.
This paper has been previously published in International Economics and Economic Policy, Special Issue on “International Economics of Resources and Resource Policy”, Volume 7, Numbers 2–3/August 2010.
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Notes
- 1.
Various contributions on the idea of co-evolution steering for sustainable development can be found in the special issue of The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology.
- 2.
This section comes from Geels and Kemp (2007).
- 3.
- 4.
It may be called the societal transition approach because it has a stronger focus on (societal) actors and political conflict as primary drivers of transformations.
- 5.
DRIFT stands for the Dutch Research Institute for Transitions.
- 6.
First ideas about transition management were created in the project “Transitions and transition management” for the fourth National Environmental Policy Plan (NMP4). In this project, a group of scientists and policy makers met to discuss a new strategic framework. A description of the coproduction process can be found in Kemp and Rotmans (2009) and Smith and Kern (2009). After the project the TM model was further developed by Derk Loorbach and Jan Rotmans and more or less independently by the Ministry of Economic Affairs (a description and discussion of this is given by Loorbach 2007).
- 7.
EZ is the Ministry of Economic Affairs, VROM is the Ministry of Health, Spatial Planning and Environment, V&W is the Ministry of Traffic and Water, LNV the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature, BUZA the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- 8.
In 2009 the official goals for 2020 are: 2% rate of energy saving a year, 20% share for renewable energy and 30 reduction of CO2.
- 9.
The formal tasks of the Regieorgaan are: (1) to create a basis for support among public and private parties for the energy transition to stimulate the design, formulation and implementation of transition paths, (2) to actively stimulate the bundling of ambitions, ideas about possibilities, knowledge and experience of business, (3) to stimulate cohesion between the different activities of the energy transition and to guard and monitor progress, (4) to promote long-term planning for the energy transition and the development and implementation of transition paths, (5) to make recommendations to Ministers about the energy transition and the implementation of transition paths on the basis of monitoring, analysis and evaluations, (6) to identify, select and stimulate new developments, initiatives and innovations relevant to the energy transition, based on ambitions and competences of market actors and government energy transition goals, (7) to make recommendations to Ministers for what they can do in terms of policy interventions for the energy transition, (8) to evaluate the transition paths every 4 years, to actualize them and to make recommendations for an actualization of long-term plans, (9) to create a network of public and private partners for the promotion of clear communication between the parties of the energy transition and between the transition paths, (10) to promote information provision for the general public about the energy transition.
- 10.
In the Netherlands many vehicles are leased from companies. People driving a leased vehicle must add 25% of the value of the car to their income before taxes and pay taxes over this extra sum. If you lease a battery electric vehicle, 10% of the value of the car is subjective to income taxes; for hybrid electric vehicles it is 14%. Charging points are up for a fiscal advantage of 20%. The tax incentives for cars proved very effective: in the first 5 months of 2009, 7,456 hybrid electric cars were sold in the Netherlands, an increase of 63% compared to the same period in 2008. Between 2008 and 2009 the number of HEV doubled: from 11,000 to 23,000.
- 11.
In Kemp (2009) the various criticisms leveled against transition management are discussed more extensively.
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Appendices
Appendix 1 Overview of Transition Platforms, Pathways and Experiments
Platforms | Pathways |
---|---|
Chain efficiency | |
Goal: savings in the annual use of energy in production chains of: | |
40 à 50 PJ by 2010 | KE 1: Renewal of production systems |
150 à 180 PJ by 2030 | KE 2: sustainable paper chains |
240 à 300 PJ by 2050 | KE 3: sustainable agricultural chains |
Green resources | |
Goal: to replace 30% of fossil fuels by green resources by 2030 | GG 1: sustainable biomass production |
GG 2: biomass import chain | |
GG 3: co-production of chemicals, transport fuels, electricity and heat | |
GG 4: production of SNG | |
GG 5: innovative use of biobased raw materials for non-food/non-energy applications and making existing chemical products and processes more sustainable | |
New gas | |
Goal: to become the most clean and innovative gas country in the world | NG 1: energy saving in the built environment |
NG 2: micro and mini CHP | |
NG 3: clean natural gas | |
NG 4: green gas | |
Sustainable mobility | |
Goals: | DM 1: hybrid and electric vehicles |
Factor 2 reduction in GHG emissions from new vehicles in 2015 | DM 2: biofuels |
Factor 3 reduction in GHG emissions for the entire automobile fleet 2035 | DM 3: hydrogen vehicles |
DM 4: intelligent transport systems | |
Sustainable electricity | |
Goal: A share of renewable energy of 40% by 2020 and a CO2-free energy supply by 2050 | DE 1: wind onshore |
DE 2: wind offshore | |
DE 3: solar PV | |
DE 4: centralised infrastructure | |
DE 5: decentralised infrastr. | |
Built environment | |
Goal: by 2030 a 30% reduction in the use of energy in the built environment, compared to 2005 | GO 1: existing buildings |
GO 2: innovation | |
GO 3: regulations | |
Energy-producing greenhouse | |
Goals for 2020: | KE 1: solar heating |
Climate-neutral (new) greenhouses | KE 2: use of earth heat |
48% reduction in CO2 emissions | KE 3: biofuels |
Producer of sustainable heat and energy | KE 4: efficient use of light |
A significant reduction in fossil fuel use | KE 5: cultivation strategies and energy-low crops |
KE 6: renewable electricity production | |
KE 7: use of CO2 |
Appendix 2 Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources (% of Gross Electricity Consumption)
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Kemp, R. (2011). The Dutch Energy Transition Approach. In: Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P., Zhang, Z. (eds) International Economics of Resource Efficiency. Physica-Verlag HD. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2601-2_9
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