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Agressieve en regelovertredende gedragsproblemen

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Handboek klinische ontwikkelingspsychologie

Gedragsproblemen

Agressief, regelovertredend en delinquent gedrag van kinderen en jongeren is een belangrijke reden tot zorg. Om gedragsproblemen effectief te kunnen voorkomen en behandelen is het belangrijk te weten hoe ze ontstaan. In deze context duidt het begrip ‘gedragstoornis’ alleen op een gedragspatroon dat een bepaalde naam heeft gekregen; een gedragsstoornis is dus geen oorzaak voor gedrag, maar een beschrijving ervan. Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft het ontwikkelingsverloop van agressief en regelovertredend gedrag. Bij de beschrijving van risico- en beschermende factoren komt steeds de wisselwerking tussen kind en omgeving aan bod, die kan leiden tot een vicieuze cirkel waarin gedrag van het kind de omgeving ongunstig beïnvloedt en de omgeving het gedrag van het kind ongunstig beïnvloedt. Er spelen immers niet alleen kindfactoren, maar ook invloeden uit het gezin, van leeftijdgenoten en de bredere sociale omgeving.

Bij het onderzoek naar de oorzakelijke mechanismen in de ontwikkeling van gedragsproblemen worden enkele empirisch onderzochte perspectieven beschreven, zoals de biologische en fysiologische; de leertheoretische; de informatieverwerkingsgerichte; en de maatschappelijke perspectieven. Het transactionele model biedt mogelijkheden tot integratie van deze perspectieven. In de laatste paragraaf over behandeling en preventie wordt een overzicht gegeven van bewezen effectieve interventies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Deze bijdrage is wel in twijfel getrokken op basis van verkeerde conclusies uit gedragsgenetisch onderzoek. Uit dergelijk onderzoek blijkt steevast dat de bijdrage van de zogenoemde ‘gedeelde omgeving’ van kinderen in een gezin een veel kleinere – of zelfs geen – voorspellende waarde heeft dan erfelijkheid en de zogenoemde ‘unieke omgeving’ van ieder kind. Hieruit is ten onrechte geconcludeerd dat gezinsinteracties een kleine rol zouden spelen omdat zij gedeelde omgeving zouden zijn. Het blijkt echter dat ouders zich ten opzichte van hun kinderen zeer verschillend gedragen, vooral als de kinderen verschillen in mate van probleemgedrag. Dit verschillende ouderlijk gedrag maakt dan ook deel uit van de unieke omgeving van individuele kinderen, niet van de gedeelde omgeving (Dodge & Rutter, 2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Bram Orobio de Castro

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  1. Bram Orobio de Castro
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  1. HILVERSUM, The Netherlands

    prof. dr. Pier Prins

  2. KAPRIJKE, Belgium

    prof. dr. Caroline Braet

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de Castro, B. (2014). Agressieve en regelovertredende gedragsproblemen. In: Prins, p., Braet, p. (eds) Handboek klinische ontwikkelingspsychologie. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-0495-0_11

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