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Chapter 12 The Anionic Chloroplast Membrane Lipids: Phosphatidylglycerol and Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

  • Chapter
The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

Four polar lipids provide the basic building blocks for the membranes of chloroplasts of all plants and cyanobacteria: the two galactolipids mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol. All four lipids are glycerolipids with a diacylglycerol backbone, but only one is a phosphoglycerolipid. While the two galactolipids are not charged at biological pH, the sulfolipid and phospholipid carry a negative charge. The focus here is on the two chloroplast anionic lipids. Enzymes involved in their assembly are well described and are localized in the chloroplasts. Mutants affecting the biosynthesis of one or both anionic lipids of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii or different cyanobacteria are available providing tools for the functional analysis of these lipids. This genetic analysis has shown that sulfolipid can substitute to some extent for phosphatidylglycerol under phosphate limiting growth conditions, when plants replace phospholipids with non-phosphorous glycolipids. However, phosphatidylglycerol mutants have a much more severe phenotype than sulfolipid mutants suggesting specific roles for phosphatidylglycerol in the photosynthetic membrane that cannot be filled by the sulfolipid. Double mutant analysis suggests that the net negative charge of the photosynthetic membrane is critical for proper function.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

acyl carrier protein

Acyl-ACP:

acyl-acyl carrier protein

APR:

adenosylphosphosulfate reductase

APS:

adenosylphosphosulfate

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

ATS:

ATP-sulfurylase

ATS1:

acyl-ACP:glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase

ATS2:

acyl-ACP:lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase

CDP-DAG:

CDP-diacylglycerol

CDS:

CDP-DAG synthetase

DAG:

diacylglycerol

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

FAS:

fatty acid synthase

Fd-GOGAT:

ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase

GSH:

reduced glutathione

GSSG:

oxidized glutathione

iE:

inner envelope

oE:

outer envelope

pCDS:

plastid CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase

PGP1:

phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase

pGPAT:

plastid glycerolphosphate acyltransferase

PGPP:

phosphatidylglycerol phosphate phosphatase

pLPAAT:

plastid lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase

PPi:

orthophosphate

PtdGro:

phosphatidylglycerol

PtdGroP:

phosphatidylglycerol phosphate

PtdOH:

phosphatidic acid

SQD1:

UDP-SQ synthase

SQD2:

SQDG synthase

SQDG:

sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

SO −3 :

sulfite

Thy:

thylakoid membrane

TLC:

thin-layer chromatography

UDP-Glc:

UDP-glucose

UDP-SQ:

UDP-sulfoquinovose

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Acknowledgements

Work on membrane lipid biosynthesis and the regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis in the Benning lab has been supported in part by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.

Note: (1) The FAD4 gene of Arabidopsis encoding the missing fatty acid transdesaturase or a component thereof was recently isolated (Gao et al., 2009); and (2) The gene for a plastid UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, essential for sulfolipid biosynthesis, was recently identified in Arabidopsis (Okazaki et al., 2009).

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Christoph Benning

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  1. Christoph Benning
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Correspondence to Christoph Benning .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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Benning, C. (2010). Chapter 12 The Anionic Chloroplast Membrane Lipids: Phosphatidylglycerol and Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_12

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