Abstract
This contribution commemorates the award of the tenth ever Nobel Peace Prize to Tobias Michael Carel Asser on 10 December 1911, and examines his life and his lasting contribution to scholarship and practice in private and public international law. After a biographical sketch, it considers the scholarship of TMC Asser, including his part in the foundation of the Revue de droit international et de législation comparée, and his international institution-building, particularly his role in the foundation of the Institut de droit international, the International Law Association, the ‘Hague Conferences on International Private Law’ (which ultimately became the international institution of the Hague Conference on Private International Law), the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the Hague Academy of International Law. It also explores his legal and diplomatic practice, for example his important role as a Dutch delegate at the 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conferences. The article concludes with a reflection on Asser’s contribution to public and private international law, and concludes that while he was no doubt a very talented scholar, it was the combination of this with his skills and initiative as a negotiator, diplomat and international institution builder which secured his reputation and his legacy.
The quotation in the title is from an award ceremony speech by Jørgen Gunnarsson Løvland, Chairman of the Nobel Committee, 1911, available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1911/press.html. The authors wish to thank Ms Hanne Cuyckens and Mr Janek-Tomasz Nowak for research assistance, and Dr Kimberley Trapp and Mr Hans van Loon, Secretary General of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, for helpful comments.
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Notes
- 1.
Which from 1907 to 1912 consisted of Jørgen Løvland, John Lund, Hans Jakob Horst, Georg Francis Hagerup and Carl Berner, available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/committee/nnclist/index.html.
- 2.
Shared with Alfred Fried (11 November 1864–5 May 1921), an Austrian-born journalist and peace activist. See further Haberman 1972.
- 3.
- 4.
Voskuil 1995, pp. 6–7.
- 5.
Considered to be the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam, the Athenaeum Illustre was founded in 1632. At the time of Asser’s student years, law was taught by only two professors, viz. Jeronimo de Bosch Kemper and Martinus des Armorie van der Hoeven. See Westenberg 1992, p. 55.
- 6.
Asser 1858. The front cover identifies Asser as ‘T.M.C. Asser, student in de rechten aan het Athenaeum Illustre te Amsterdam’ (T.M.C. Asser, law student at the Athenaeum Illustre in Amsterdam).
- 7.
Asser 1860.
- 8.
See further Sect. 1.4 below.
- 9.
Though his first lecture was apparently attended by only two students: van der Mandere 1946, p. 172.
- 10.
Voskuil 1995, p. 9.
- 11.
- 12.
See further AJIL Editorial Comment 1913.
- 13.
See Sect. 1.2.2 below.
- 14.
See Sect. 1.3.1 below.
- 15.
See Sect. 1.3.3 below.
- 16.
See Sect. 1.4.5 below.
- 17.
See Sects. 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 below.
- 18.
See Sect. 1.4.1 below.
- 19.
See Sect. 1.2.1 below.
- 20.
See Sect. 1.4.2 below.
- 21.
See Sect. 1.4.3 below.
- 22.
van der Mandere 1946, pp. 195–197.
- 23.
AJIL Editorial Comment 1914a, p. 344.
- 24.
Asser’s run for office was satirised by Johan Braakensiek with a cartoon in the journal De Groene Amsterdammer of 6 September 1891. It depicts Asser in courtly dress with ermine cape, with the superscript ‘Prof. Asser’s Candidatuur voor de Tweede Kamer’ and the subscript: ‘Tobi or not Tobi—that is the question’.
- 25.
See Sect. 1.3.5 below.
- 26.
The full text of Alfred Nobel’s will in the original Swedish is available at http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/testamente.html and in English translation at http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html.
- 27.
In the original Swedish: ‘åt dem, som under det förlupne året hafva gjort menskligheten den största nytta’.
- 28.
In the original Swedish: ‘åt den som har verkat mest eller best för folkens förbrödrande och afskaffande eller minskning af stående armeer samt bildande och spridande af fredskongresser’.
- 29.
Himself a member of the Committee since 1921 and its chairman from 1922 to 1941.
- 30.
Louis Renault (1843–1918) was a professor of international law at the University of Paris and, like Asser, also involved in the practice of international law, becoming the ‘one authority in international law upon whom the Republic relied’ and even ‘the very oracle of international law’, Scott 1918, pp. 607 and 610. He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.
- 31.
However, Koskenniemi points out that Asser (like the other men behind the Revue de droit international et de législation comparée) did not come from the tradition of Grotius, Koskenniemi 2002, p. 17. Note that Asser himself wrote an essay at the occasion of the tercentenary of Grotius’ birth, Asser 1883.
- 32.
See, for example, Vlas 2010, p. 169.
- 33.
See Sect. 1.3.3 below.
- 34.
See Sects. 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 below.
- 35.
Voskuil 1995, p. 8.
- 36.
Asser 1889.
- 37.
In the original: ‘breedvoerige juridische redeneeringen of geschiedkundige bespiegelingen of vergelijkende rechtsbeschouwingen’, Asser 1885a, p. v.
- 38.
Quoted in van der Mandere 1946, pp. 172–173 (translation by authors).
- 39.
See further Sect. 1.3.4 below.
- 40.
Remien 2001, p. 79.
- 41.
Asser 1884, p. II.
- 42.
Which Asser explains by the fact that the autonomy of the cities in the Republic of the United Netherlands (1581 to 1795) as regards civil and commercial law was thus that it caused no end of conflicts between the different sets of laws: Asser 1880a, p. 6; Asser 1885a, pp. 5–6. See further e.g. Mills 2009, p. 45 et seq.
- 43.
Voskuil 1995, p. 10.
- 44.
Asser 1869.
- 45.
Ibid., pp. 490–492. ‘Pareatis’ is a term used by Asser as a synonym for ‘exequatur’, which is now in desuetude. For an extensive analysis of Asser’s article, see Laufer 1992, pp. 39–65.
- 46.
Asser 1869, p. 477.
- 47.
See Sect. 1.2.2 below.
- 48.
Asser 1869, pp. 478–479.
- 49.
Ibid., pp. 481–482 (translation by authors).
- 50.
[1972] OJ L299/32. On the parallel with the Brussels Convention, see Laufer 1992, pp. 131–158.
- 51.
[2001] OJ L12/1. The Regulation and Convention permit only very limited review of the jurisdiction of the judgment court under Article 35. Although they do allow for review of a judgment for compatibility with the public policy of the enforcing state under Article 34(1), this has been interpreted narrowly in practice. See e.g. Case C-7/98 Krombach v Bamberski [2000] ECR I-1935, para 21; Case C-420/07 Apostolides [2009] ECR I-3571, para 55. See De Baere 2010, pp. 1145–1149 and 1151–1155.
- 52.
See Sect. 1.3.3 below.
- 53.
Asser 1880b.
- 54.
Voskuil 1995, pp. 13–14.
- 55.
See Sect. 1.3.2 below.
- 56.
As Asser himself indicates in his introduction to the reproduction of the article in Asser 1889, p. 314.
- 57.
See Sect. 1.2.2 below.
- 58.
Asser 1880b, pp. 5–6 (translation by authors).
- 59.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 60.
Ibid., p. 22.
- 61.
See Sect. 1.3.3 below.
- 62.
Asser 1901. See further Sect. 1.3.3 below.
- 63.
Ibid., pp. 4–5.
- 64.
Asser 1885b.
- 65.
See further Sect. 1.4.1 below.
- 66.
Asser 1885b, p. 373 (translation by authors).
- 67.
Ibid., pp. 372–373 and 392.
- 68.
Koskenniemi 2002, pp. 156–157.
- 69.
Conrad 1902, p. 71.
- 70.
Moreover, Rolin-Jaequemyns, Asser’s friend and co-founder of the RDI, had written favourably in the Revue about what he perceived to be the scientific and philanthropic endeavours of King Leopold II, Rolin-Jaequemyns 1877. See further the account of the Berlin Conference in Koskenniemi 2002, pp. 121–127.
- 71.
AJIL Editorial Comment 1914a, p. 344.
- 72.
See Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciences Sociales 1863, pp. 3–5. Westlake and Asser are listed as secretaries of their respective national associations, and Rolin-Jaequemyns is also mentioned as attending in various places throughout the report.
- 73.
Asser 1880a, p. 7.
- 74.
- 75.
- 76.
Note that Asser published the text of and a brief commentary on an unedited letter from Jeremy Bentham to King William I of The Netherlands, Asser 1893.
- 77.
Rolin-Jaequemyns 1869, p. 3.
- 78.
Ibid., pp. 11–12.
- 79.
Ibid., p. 17.
- 80.
Ibid., p. 225.
- 81.
Ibid., pp. 225–228.
- 82.
See Caron 2000, p. 16. See further Sects. 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 below.
- 83.
Ibid., pp. 238–245.
- 84.
Ibid., p. 245.
- 85.
For the account see Koskenniemi 2002, pp. 12–19. Note that Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns was succeeded as editor by his son Edouard and his brother Albéric Rolin, whose son, Henri Rolin, in turn co-founded the still-running Revue belge de droit international/Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Internationaal Recht in 1965.
- 86.
Indeed, it has even been argued that together the founding of the RDI and of the IDI marked the beginning of international law as we know it today, Koskenniemi 2004, p. 5.
- 87.
See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1911/press.html. As previously noted, his scholarly work was, however, also considered worthy of praise. See Sect. 1.1.2 above.
- 88.
See generally Koskenniemi 2002, p. 39 et seq. Other notable founders of the IDI included Rolin-Jaequemyns (co-founder with Asser of the Revue de droit international et de législation comparée—see Sect. 1.2.2 above; Westlake was unable to attend), Mancini, Calvo, Field (see infra, note 92), Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Moynier (co-founder of the ‘International Committee for Relief to the Wounded’ in 1863, which changed its name to the ‘International Committee of the Red Cross’ in 1876. See further e.g. Durand 1994.
- 89.
Available at http://www.idi-iil.org/idiF/resolutionsF/1880_oxf_02_fr.pdf. Note also, e.g., the IDI’s 1877 Resolution on the laws of war, adopted in response to the commencement of hostilities between Russia and Turkey, available at http://www.idi-iil.org/idiF/resolutionsF/1877_zur_04_fr.pdf.
- 90.
See Sects. 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 below.
- 91.
See generally e.g. Abrams 1957.
- 92.
Perhaps best known for Field 1876—a proposed international code dealing with both public and private international law.
- 93.
See generally e.g. Bewes 1925.
- 94.
Ibid.
- 95.
Eyffinger 2010.
- 96.
Ibid., p. 149.
- 97.
United States Department of State 1874–1875, p. 790.
- 98.
Ibid.
- 99.
Ibid., p. 789 et seq.
- 100.
Ibid., p. 791.
- 101.
See Sect. 1.1 above. The US record (p. 791) is slightly inaccurate, citing to ‘F.M.C. Asser [sic] on the effect or the execution of decisions rendered in a foreign country in civil and commercial cases. (Revue de droit international et de legislation comparée, 1869.)’.
- 102.
- 103.
- 104.
See e.g. the 1878 Resolution on ‘Execution of Judgments’, with Asser as the reporter, available at http://www.idi-iil.org/idiF/resolutionsF/1878_paris_01_fr.pdf.
- 105.
- 106.
See International Law Association 1885, p. 48. Later reports suggest that this may have provided convenient diplomatic cover for failure in the efforts to establish the conference.
- 107.
See e.g. Bewes 1920.
- 108.
The work of the Montevideo conference is discussed in the Mémoire annexed to the ‘Note pour Messieurs les Délégués à la Conférence de Droit International Privé’ of August 1893’, in Actes de la Conférence de La Haye 1893, p. 6.
- 109.
- 110.
- 111.
Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists 1904, p. 137.
- 112.
Note also Gutzwiller 1945.
- 113.
Statute of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, Article 1, available at http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=29.
- 114.
See International Law Association 1899, p. 91.
- 115.
Asser also wrote an essay on the establishment of the Academy: Asser 1912, pp. 282–292.
- 116.
See e.g. AJIL Editorial Comment 1914b, p. 353.
- 117.
See Sect. 1.4.2 below.
- 118.
- 119.
- 120.
See e.g. AJIL Editorial Comment 1914b, p. 356 (thanking ‘the heirs of Mr. Asser’), and also noting Asser’s contribution to the drafting of the Statutes of the Academy (a copy of which is at p. 357 et seq.). A memorial to Asser’s passing is, rather sadly, found in the same volume of the journal, p. 343.
- 121.
See generally e.g. Koskenniemi 2002, p. 121 et seq. See further Sect. 1.2.1 above.
- 122.
See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1911/asser.html. Note also the 1879 Resolution of the IDI on the neutrality of the Suez Canal, available at http://www.idi-iil.org/idiF/resolutionsF/1879_brux_01_fr.pdf. See further Asser 1888.
- 123.
Once again, drawing on the work of the IDI, in its 1879 Resolution on the subject, available at http://www.idi-iil.org/idiF/resolutionsF/1879_brux_02_fr.pdf.
- 124.
See e.g. Scott 1908a.
- 125.
See generally e.g. Aldrich and Chinkin 2000.
- 126.
- 127.
- 128.
See further http://www.pca-cpa.org/.
- 129.
See e.g. United States Department of State 1900, p. 859.
- 130.
See e.g. United States Department of State 1900, p. 799. The US Ambassador to The Netherlands reported back that Asser, when asked what compensation he would require to act as arbitrator, ‘assured us he regarded it as a great honor to be selected, and that the honor was more to him than any consideration of money, and that he preferred to leave the amount of his compensation to be determined by the parties’, p. 800.
- 131.
See generally United States Department of State 1902. Appendix I—Whaling and sealing claims against Russia.
- 132.
The Pious Fund Case. United States of America v. the United Mexican States. Protocol signed at Washington, 22 May 1902. Decision at The Hague, 4 October 1902. UN Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. IX, p.1. See generally United States Department of State 1902. Appendix II—United States vs. Mexico. In the matter of the case of the Pious Fund of the Californias; Penfield 1902.
- 133.
See generally Weber 1963.
- 134.
Payments lapsed during the Mexican Revolution; a final settlement was only made in 1967. See Weber 1969.
- 135.
Reflected in e.g. Articles 3 and 32 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001).
- 136.
- 137.
See generally e.g. Hershey 1908.
- 138.
See generally e.g. Scott 1908b.
- 139.
Venezuela accepted the validity of the claims of the blockading powers; a copy of the protocol is available at 2 American Journal of International Law 1908, p. 902. A further dispute arose as to whether the blockading powers should have priority over other Venezuelan creditors, and under US pressure this was submitted to the PCA in 1903; a copy of this further protocol is available at 2 American Journal of International Law 1908, p. 905. The dispute was resolved by an arbitral award on 22 February 1904, somewhat surprisingly in favour of the blockading powers.
- 140.
The mechanism is supported by Article 53 of the 1907 Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes. See further e.g. Hull 1908.
- 141.
- 142.
See e.g. the many references to the 1907 draft convention and discussions in the documents and proceedings of the 1920 Advisory Committee of Jurists, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/pcij/other-documents.php?p1=9&p2=8; Spiermann 2003.
- 143.
See e.g. Ellinger 2000, pp. 35–36.
- 144.
Lorenzen 1916, p. 138.
- 145.
See e.g. Guerrico 1944, p. 3.
- 146.
Noted in Engert 1914.
- 147.
Asser 1903, pp. 245–258, especially p. 258.
- 148.
Celebrated in van Krieken and McKay 2005.
- 149.
Eyffinger 2010, p. 144.
- 150.
- 151.
AJIL Editorial Comment 1914a, p. 344.
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De Baere, G., Mills, A. (2012). T.M.C. Asser and Public and Private International Law: The Life and Legacy of ‘a Practical Legal Statesman’. In: Dekker, I., Hey, E. (eds) Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2011. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, vol 42. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-849-1_1
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