Abstract
The classic Surtarbrandur floras of Iceland are 12 Ma (late Serravallian) and belong to the Brjánslækur-Seljá Formation. They make up the most diverse macroflora known from the Miocene of Iceland, with the highest number of exotic angiosperms recorded from this period (Laurophyllum, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Platanus, and Sassafras). Unlike in the older and younger floras, Fagus is absent from the macrofossil and pollen record, suggesting that the older F. friedrichii had not yet been replaced by the later immigrating F. gussonii. The plant assemblages recovered from the Brjánslækur-Seljá Formation represent azonal riparian lowland and upland forests and zonal hardwood forests in the vicinity of a lake followed higher up by mixed broad-leaved deciduous and conifer forests. The plant assemblages reflect the culmination of warm and moist vegetation in Iceland in the late Serravallian. The climatic and vegetation optimum recorded in Iceland for this stage does not reflect the general trend of cooling after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–15 Ma), as seen in many other floras in the northern hemisphere.
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Appendix 5.1
Appendix 5.1
Floristic composition of the 12 Ma sedimentary formation of Iceland compared to contemporaneous northern hemispheric mid-latitude floras from North America and western Eurasia.
Brjánslælir-Seljá flora, Iceland [ca 65°31¢ N 23°12¢ W] 12 Ma This study | |
---|---|
3 | Equisetum sp. |
1 | Hepaticae gen. et spec. indet. |
1 | Lycopodium sp. |
1, 3 | Osmunda parschlugiana |
1 | Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1 |
1 | Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 2 |
1 | Trilete spore fam. gen. et spec. indet. 1 |
1 | Ephedra sp. |
1-3 | Abies steenstrupiana |
1,3 | Cathaya sp. |
1,3 | Cryptomeria anglica |
1 | Glyptostrobus sp. |
1-3 | Picea sect. Picea |
1 | Pinus sp. 1 |
1 | Sciadopitys sp. |
1 | Sequoia sp. |
1,3 | Tsuga sp. |
1-3 | Acer askelssonii |
1-3 | Acer crenatifolium subsp. islandicum |
1 | aff. Cedrelospermum sp. |
1-3 | Alnus cecropiifolia |
1-3 | Alnus gaudinii |
1-3 | Betula islandica |
1,3 | aff. Calycanthaceae |
1-3 | Carpinus sp. MT1 |
1-3 | Carpinus sp. MT2 |
1 | Carya sp. |
2 | cf. Fraxinus sp. |
3 | cf. Juglans |
3 | Comptonia hesperia |
1,3 | Corylus sp. |
1 | Cyperaceae gen. et spec. indet. A |
1 | Dicotylophyllum sp. A |
1 | Ilex sp. 1 |
3 | Laurophyllum sp. (Laurus) |
1 | Lemna sp. |
3 | Liriodendron procaccinii |
1,3 | Lonicera sp. 1 |
3 | Magnolia sp. |
3 | Phragmites sp. |
1 | Platanus sp. |
1 | Pollen type 1 |
1 | Pollen type 2 |
1 | Pollen type 3 |
1 | Pollen type 4 |
1 | Pollen type 5 |
1 | Pollen type 6 |
1 | Pollen type 7 |
1,2 | Populus sp. A (ex group P. tremula L.) |
1,3 | Pterocarya sp. |
1 | Rhododendron sp. 1 |
1 | Rhododendron sp. 2 |
1,3 | Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. A |
1,3 | Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. B |
1,3 | Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. C |
1-3 | Salix gruberi |
1 | Sanguisorba sp. |
3 | Sassafras ferrettianum |
3 | Smilax sp. |
1 | Tetracentron atlanticum |
3 | Ulmus cf. pyramidalis |
1 | Valerianaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1 | Viburnum sp. |
Stinking Water flora [ca 44°N 118°W] 12-11 Ma (K-Ar) Chaney, 1959 | |
---|---|
1 | Polypodiaceae |
1 | Ephedra sp. |
1,3 | Abies chaneyi Mason |
1 | Cedrus sp. |
1 | Cupressaceae/Taxodiaceae/Taxaceae |
3 | Glyptostrobus oregonensis Brown |
3 | Keteleeria heterophylloides (Berry) Brown |
1,3 | Picea lahontense MacGinitie |
1,3 | Picea magna MacGinitie |
1,3 | Picea sonomensis Axelrod |
1,3 | Pinus harneyana Chaney |
1 | Tsuga sp. |
1,3 | Acer bendirei Lesquereux |
1,3 | Acer bolanderi Lesquereux |
1,3 | Acer columbianum Chaney |
1,3 | Acer minor Knowlton |
1,3 | Acer oregonianum Knowlton |
1,3 | Acer scottiae MacGinitie |
3 | Ailanthus Indiana (MacGinitie) Brown |
1,3 | Alnus harneyana Chaney |
1,3 | Alnus hollandiana Jennings |
1,3 | Alnus relatus (Knowlton) Brown |
1 | Asteraceae |
1 | Betula sp. |
1 | Carya sp. |
1 | Caryophyllaceae/Chenopodiaceae |
3 | Cedrela trainii Arnold |
1 | Celtis sp. |
1 | Corylus sp. |
1 | Ericaceae |
1 | Fagus sp. |
1 | Fraxinus sp. |
3 | Gymnocladus dayana (Knowlton) Chaney |
3 | Hydrangea bendirei (Ward) Knowlton |
1 | Juglans sp. |
1 | Liquidambar sp. |
3 | Mahonia reticulate (MacGinitie) Brown |
3 | Mahonia simplex (Newberry) Arnold |
1 | Nyssa sp. |
1 | Onagraceae |
1 | Ostrya sp. |
1,3 | Platanus dissecta Lesquereux |
3 | Populus lindgreni Knowlton |
1,3 | Potamogeton parva Brown |
3 | Ptelea miocenica Berry |
1,3 | Pterocarya mixta (Knowlton) Brown |
1,3 | Quercus dayana Knowlton |
1,3 | Quercus hannibali Dorf |
1,3 | Quercus prelobata Condit |
1,3 | Quercus pseudolyrata Lesquereux |
1,3 | Quercus simulatea Knowlton |
3 | Rosa harneyana Chaney |
1,3 | Salix hesperia (Knowlton) Condit |
1,3 | Salix succorensis Chaney |
1,3 | Smilax magna Chaney |
3 | Spiraea harneyana Chaney |
1,3 | Typha lesquereuxi Cockerell |
1,3 | Ulmus speciosa Newberry |
Krynka flora [ca 47°30 ¢ N 38°35¢ E] Latest Badenian, “Presarmatian” Kryshtofovich and Baikovskaya 1965; Mai 1995 | |
---|---|
3 | Acer compositifolium Baik. |
3 | Acer pseudomiyabei Baik. |
2,3 | Acer pseudoplatanus L. |
var. paucidentata Gaud. | |
Acer sp. | |
3 | Acer sp. cf. A. platanoides L. |
2,3 | Acer subcampestre Goepp. |
var. acuminatolobatum Baik. | |
3 | Acer subcampestre Goepp. |
var. integrilobifolium Baik. | |
3 | Acer subcampestre Goepp. |
3 | var. macrophyllum Baik. |
3 | Ailanthus confucii Ung. |
3 | Alnus kefersteinii (Goepp.) Ung. |
3 | Alnus sp. |
3 | Berberis longaepetiolata Baik. |
3 | Betula grandifolia Ett. |
2 | Betula sp. |
3 | Betula tanaitica Baik. |
3 | Bumelia sp. |
3 | Buxus pliocenica Sap. et Mar. |
2 | Carex sp. |
2 | Carpinus cf. laxiflora Bl. |
2,3 | Carpinus grandis Ung. |
2 | Carpinus marmaroschia Iljinskaja |
3 | Carya denticulata (Web.) Iljinskaja |
3 | Celtis trachytica Ett. |
3 | Ceratophyllum sniatkovii Krysht. |
3 | Cercis turgaica Usnadze |
3 | Clerodendron ovalifolium Baik. |
3 | Clethra maximoviczii Nath. |
3 | Cornus attenuata Ett. |
3 | Cornus cf. acuminata Web. |
3 | Cornus megaphylla Hu et Chaney |
3 | Cornus oeningensis (Heer) Baik. |
3 | Cornus studeri Heer |
3 | Corylus insignis Heer |
3 | Cotoneaster sp. cf. C. andromedae Ung. |
3 | Crataegus praemonogyna Krysht. |
3 | Daphne limnophylla (Ung.) Baik. |
3 | Diospyros brachysepala A. Br. |
3 | Elaeagnus sp. |
3 | Eucommia palaeoulmoides Baik. |
3 | Fagus orientalis var. fossilis (Lipsky) Palibin |
2 | Fagus sp. |
2 | Genista sp. |
3 | Hibiscus splendens Baik. |
3 | Hovenia thunbergii (Nath.) Baik. |
3 | Hydrangea sp. |
3 | Ilex falsanii Sap. et Mar. |
3 | Juglans zaisanica Iljinskaja |
3 | Laburnum sp. |
3 | Laurocerasus sp. |
3 | Leguminosae sp. |
3 | Ligustrum vulgare L. var. fossile Palib. |
2 | Liquidambar sp. |
3 | Lonicera sp. A |
3 | Lonicera sp. B |
3 | Loranthus sp. |
3 | Magnolia cf. M. dianae Ung. |
3 | Magnolia cuneifolia Baik. |
3 | Magnolia sp. |
3 | Mespilus sp. |
2,3 | Nyssa vertumnii Ung. |
2,3 | Ostrya kryshtofovichii Baik. |
3 | Paliurus sp. |
3 | Parrotia pristina (Ett.) Stur |
3 | Photinia acuminata Baik. |
3 | Physocarpus sp. |
3 | Pistacia cf. P. miocenica Sap. |
3 | Polygonum ukrainicum Baik. |
3 | Populus balsamoides Goepp. |
3 | Prunus palaeocerasus Ett. |
3 | Pyracantha sp. |
3 | Pyrus sarmatica (Krysht.) Baik. |
3 | Quercus pseudocastanea Goepp. |
3 | Quercus pseudorobur Kov. |
3 | Quercus sp. A |
3 | Quercus sp. B |
2 | Ranunculus sp. |
3 | Rhododendron megiston Ung. |
3 | Rhododendron sp. |
3 | Rhus noeggerathii Weber |
3 | Rosa lignitum Engelhardt (non Heer) |
3 | Rubus palaeohirtus Baik. |
3 | Salix media A. Braun |
3 | Salvinia natanella Shap. |
3 | Sambucus palaeoracemosa Baik. |
3 | Sapindus cupanioides Ett. |
3 | Sassafras ferretianum Massal. |
3 | Schisandra sp. |
3 | Skimmia sp. |
3 | Spiraea sp. |
3 | Staphylea cf. pinnata L. |
3 | Styrax protoobassia (Nath.) Tanai et Onoe |
3 | Styrax pseudoofficinale Baik. |
3 | Styrax sp. |
2 | Tilia sp. |
3 | Ulmus carpinoides Goepp. |
3 | Ulmus longifolia Ung. |
2 | Ulmus sp. |
3 | Vaccinium pseudouliginosum Krysht. |
3 | Vitis praevinifera Sap. |
3 | Vitis sp. |
3 | Vitis subintegra Sap. |
3 | Zelkova ungeri Kov. |
Armavir flora [ca 45°00’ N 41°07’ E] Middle/Late Sarmatian Kutuzkina 1964; Mai 1995 | |
---|---|
3 | Pteridium sp. |
3 | Ginkgo adiantoides (Ung.) Heer |
2 | Pinus sp. |
3 | Acer decipiens A. Br. |
2 | Acer sp. |
3 | Alnus kefersteinii (Goepp.) Ung. |
3 | Amelanchier sp. cf. A. rotudifolia (Lam.) Dum.-Cours. |
3 | Berberis sp. |
Betula sp. | |
3 | Bumelia sp. (cf. B. lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.) |
3 | Calycanthus sp. (cf. C. florida L.) |
3 | Carpinus grandis Ung. |
3 | Carya serrifolia (Goepp.) Kräusel |
3 | Carya sp. |
3 | Castanea atavia Unger |
3 | Celastrus palibinii Kutuzk |
3 | Cercidiphyllum crenatum (Ung.) R. W. Brown |
3 | Cinnamomum cf. lanceolatum (Ung.) Heer |
3 | Cinnamomum polymorphum (A. Br.) Heer |
3 | Clematis sp. |
3 | Cornus cf. sanguinea L. |
3 | Cornus sp. |
3 | Corylus sp. |
3 | Cotinus coggygria Scop. |
3 | Cyclocarya cycloptera (Schlecht.) Iljinskaja |
3 | Diospyros brachysepala A. Br. |
3 | Fagus orientalis Lipsky fossilis Palibin |
3 | Fraxinus inaequalis Heer |
3 | Fraxinus grossidentata Laurent |
3 | Gleditsia allemanica Heer |
3 | Hamamelis miomollis Hu et Chaney |
3 | Juglans acuminata A. Br. |
3 | Laurus sp. |
3 | Leguminosites sp. |
3 | Ligustrum sp. (cf. L. vulgare L.) |
3 | Liquidambar europaea B. Br. |
3 | Liquidambar sp. |
3 | Loranthus palaeoeuropaeus Kutuzk |
3 | Myrica laevigata (Heer) Sap. |
3 | Myrica lignitum (Ung.) Sap. |
3 | Myrica palaeogale Pilar |
3 | Parrotia pristina Ett. |
3 | Periploca angustifolia Kutuzk. |
3 | Phragmites oeningensis A. Br. |
3 | Phyllites sp. |
3 | Phyllites sp. (cf. Ilex fargesii Franch.) |
3 | Platanus lineariloba Kolak. |
3 | Podogonium knorrii Heer |
3 | Populus balsamoides Goepp. |
3 | Populus latior A. Br. |
3 | Prunus sp. |
3 | Pterocarya castaneifolia (Goepp.) Schlecht. |
3 | Punica granatum L. |
3 | Pyracantha coccinea Roem. |
3 | Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey. var. fossilis |
3 | Quercus neriifolia A. Br. |
3 | Quercus pseudorobur Kov. |
3 | Rhododendron sp. (cf. R. ponticum L.) |
3 | Rhus blitum Sap. |
3 | Robinia regelii Heer |
3 | Rosa sp. |
3 | Salix angusta A. Br. |
Salix integra Goepp. | 2 |
---|---|
2 | Salix varians Goepp. |
Typha latissima A. Br. | 2 |
Ulmus carpinoides Goepp. | 2 |
Ulmus longifolia Ung. | 2 |
Vaccinium protoarctostaphyllus Kolak. | 2 |
Vitis sp. | 2 |
Zelkova ungeri Kov. | 2 |
Zizyphus sp. | 2 |
Boldface indicates that the genus is present in the Brjánslækur-Seljá Formation. Grey shading indicates that the genus is present in the older Selárdalur-Botn Formation (15 Ma). 1 based on pollen, spores; 2 based on leaves and/or fruit/seed fossils; 3 based on leaf fossils
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Denk, T., Grímsson, F., Zetter, R., Símonarson, L.A. (2011). The Classic Surtarbrandur Floras. In: Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Topics in Geobiology, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0372-8_5
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