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Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis

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New Frontiers of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

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Abstract

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. The pathology caused by a bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is responsible of more than nine million new cases and of nearly two million deaths per year. The development of molecular biology since early 1990s and recent advances according to genomics offer new opportunities to understand the epidemiological dissemination of strains from patient scale to the world scale. Molecular methods were initially developed to confirm genetic link between M. tuberculosis strains isolated in similar epidemiological circumstances such as intra familial transmission, nosocomial transmission, distinction between exogenous re-infection or relapse and to explore suspected transmission chain. Methods were first based on analysis of polymorphism of an insertion sequence IS6110 by southern blotting, which evolved to be the gold standard for genotyping. PCR-based methods were developed mainly with IS6110 as target. A method based on the analysis of the Direct Repeat (DR) region, further named spoligotyping, allows identification and typing of M. tuberculosis complex isolates at the same time. In years 2000, exploration of Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR), called MIRU for Mycobacterial Interspersed Repeat Unit, was developed. This method consists in amplifying polymorphic repetitive sequences scattered throughout M. tuberculosis chromosome by PCR, in order to obtain a digit corresponding to the repetitions present at each locus. For phylogenetic purposes, all these molecular methods based on mobile genetic elements, especially insertion sequences, or repetitive DNA sequences showed limits and were supplanted by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), Large Sequence Polymorphism (LSP) also called Regions of Differences (RD).

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Acknowledgement

The author thanks MC Gutierrez for providing some pictures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours Cedex, 37044, France

    Philippe Lanotte

  2. Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie & EA 3854, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France

    Philippe Lanotte

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , CNRS, IRD, Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Montpellier Cedex 05, 34095, French S.Territ

    Serge Morand

  2. , Veterinary School-INRA, BP 40706, Unit of Animal Health Management, Nantes Cedex 03, 44307, French S.Territ

    François Beaudeau

  3. INRA, BASE, Ecology and Genetics of Para, Nouzilly, 37380, French S.Territ

    Jacques Cabaret

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Lanotte, P. (2012). Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis. In: Morand, S., Beaudeau, F., Cabaret, J. (eds) New Frontiers of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2114-2_7

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