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Physical Techniques for Biological Crop Disease Management

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Biological Management of Diseases of Crops

Part of the book series: Progress in Biological Control ((PIBC,volume 16))

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Abstract

Application of physical techniques involving the use of heat, solar energy and irradiation may reduce the pathogen population or weaken their pathogenic potential. Heat treatments are applied as hot air, hot water, aerated steam and solarization. Heat treatments are very effective against seed borne and postharvest pathogens, when applied as hot air or hot water. Heat as steam has been applied for soil disinfestations Plant propagative materials are treated with hot air, hot water and aerated steam to produce disease-free planting materials. Thermotherapy is effective in eliminating viruses from planting materials and whole plants. It is combined with tissue culture methods to develop virus-free nursery stocks. Soil solarization using transparent polyethylene sheets is an effective selective soil treatment option with solar energy, resulting in reduction in pathogen population and activation of antagonistic microorganisms in the soil. Polyethylene mulch is useful for reducing the incidence of several fungal and some of the viral diseases. Irradiation with UV-C has favorable effect on fruits and vegetables which exhibit resistance to postharvest pathogens. Seed treatment with UV-C reduces infection by seedborne pathogens also.

Several physical techniques involving the use of heat, solar energy and irradiation have been applied to reduce pathogen populations or weaken their pathogenic potential. These physical agents may be employed to treat the seeds/propagative plant materials, live plants and soil which may harbor microbial plant pathogens. These physical agents do not leave any residues or pollute the environment. Some difficulties such as safety, technological problems related to transfer of the agent to the required site in the seeds/plant or soil and cost of the treatment have been recognized. Use of physical agents may be dovetailed with application of other practices followed for biological management of crop diseases.

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Appendix Elimination of Viruses from Infected Plants Using Microshoot Tip Culture Technique (Sim 2006; Sim and Golino 2010

Appendix Elimination of Viruses from Infected Plants Using Microshoot Tip Culture Technique (Sim 2006; Sim and Golino 2010

  1. 1.

    Harvest shoot tips about 2 cm long from greenhouse- or field-grown plants; rinse under running tap water for 1 h with addition of a drop of detergent at 20 min interval and surface sterilize the tissues by submersing in10 % commercial bleach plus one drop of detergent for 10 min.

  2. 2.

    Excise the microshoot tips aseptically in a transferhood under 10–50× magnification with the aid of a zoom binocular dissecting microscope; remove leaf scales individually to expose the shoot tip using a sterile forceps and scalpel; after each cut, sterilize in flame and cool and cut at the base of the last of several leaf primordia and place the microshoot tips (about 0.4–0.5 mm) gently on the surface of the initiation medium and include 1–3 pairs of leaf primordia.

  3. 3.

    Initial and maintenance medium, Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins with 1.0 mg/l of cytokinin growth hormone 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 3 % sucrose and 6.0 g/l gum agar adjusted to pH 5.8 (MSB); the rooting medium has half-strength MS salts and vitamins with 1.0 mg/l of the auxin growth hormone indole acetic acid (IAA), 1.5 % sucrose and 6.0 g/l gum agar adjusted to pH 5.8 (RM).

  4. 4.

    Incubate the explants at 2.5 °C in a growth chamber at 70 % RH for 16 days under cool white fluorescent and incandescent light; transfer the explants to fresh medium every 3 weeks and transfer them to rooting medium every 3 weeks and transfer them to rooting medium, when shoots 2 cm long with 4 or 5 well developed leaves are formed.

  5. 5.

    After rinsing of the roots to remove the medium, plant them in pots containing sterilized potting mix; place the pots in clear plastic box with lid-on for 2 weeks for gradual acclimatization and transplant them in bigger pots and transfer them to the greenhouse.

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Narayanasamy, P. (2013). Physical Techniques for Biological Crop Disease Management. In: Biological Management of Diseases of Crops. Progress in Biological Control, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6377-7_3

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