Skip to main content

Informal Learning in Workplaces: Understanding Learning Culture as a Challenge for Organizational and Individual Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Discourses on Professional Learning

Part of the book series: Professional and Practice-based Learning ((PPBL,volume 9))

Abstract

Organizations rely on new knowledge. Carriers and creators of knowledge are the members of the organizations. These individuals have to do the actual learning and acquire new knowledge. The organization can only support the individuals in their learning processes. One way to do this is to create an organizational culture that supports and values learning. It is called learning culture. Learning culture represents the organization’s view and its values concerning learning. The differences between this organizational learning culture and the individual’s views on learning are the focus of this chapter. First, we describe and define the concept of “learning culture” as an environment that encompasses what an organization can offer in the way of structured and unstructured learning affordances. Included in this section is a discussion of two instruments that have been used to measure learning culture as well as the results of studies that have relied on such measures. The second section discusses the internal foundations or the epistemic beliefs that shape the individuals’ understanding on what knowledge is and how to obtain it. In our conclusion section, we attempt to put the two sections together in a way that may help us better study and support an organization’s learning culture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigalk, D. (2006). Lernförderlichkeit von Arbeitsplätzen – Spiegelbild der Organisation? eine vergleichende Analyse von Unternehmen mit hoch und gering lernförderlichen Arbeitsplätzen [Learning supportiveness of workplaces – A image of an organization? A comparative analysis of organizations with high and low supportive workplaces] (Dissertation). Kassel University Press, Kassel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bråten, I., Gil, L., Strømsø, H. I., & Vidal-Abarca, E. (2009). Personal epistemology across cultures: Exploring Norwegian and Spanish university students’ epistemic beliefs about climate change. Social Psychology of Education, 12(4), 529–560. doi:10.1007/s11218-009-9097-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, E. (1999). Technology equity: The politics and practices of work-related learning. In D. Boud & J. Garrick (Eds.), Understanding learning at work. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camps, J., & Majocchi, A. (2010). Learning atmosphere and ethical behavior, does it make sense? Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 129–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casimir, G., Lee, K., & Loon, M. (2012). Knowledge sharing: Influences of trust, commitment and cost. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), 740–753. doi:10.1108/13673271211262781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denison, D. R. (1990). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewitt, A. (2012). Group agency and epistemic dependency. Epistime, 9(3), 235–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, T. M., Yang, B., & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning culture and job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 279–301. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elby, A., & Hammer, D. (2001). On the substance of a sophisticated epistemology. Science Education, 85(5), 554–567. doi:10.1002/sce.1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenwick, T. (2001). Tides of change: New themes and questions in workplace learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 92, 3–18 (Winter).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feucht, F. C. (2010). Epistemic climate in elementary classrooms. In L. D. Bendixen & F. C. Feucht (Eds.), Personal epistemology in the classroom: Theory, research, and educational implications (pp. 55–93). Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Franco, G. M., Muis, K. R., Kendeou, P., Ranellucci, J., Sampasivam, L., & Wang, X. (2012). Examining the influences of epistemic beliefs and knowledge representations on cognitive processing and conceptual change when learning physics. Learning and Instruction, 22(1), 62–77. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.06.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G. G., & DiTomaso, N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 783–798. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haerle, F. C., & Bendixen, L. D. (2008). Personal epistemology in elementary classrooms: A conceptual comparison of Germany and the United States and a guide for future cross-cultural research. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Knowing, knowledge, and beliefs: Epistemological studies across diverse cultures (pp. 151–176). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harteis, C., Gruber, H., & Hertramph, H. (2010). How epistemic beliefs influence e-learning in daily work life. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 201–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofer, B. K. (2001). Personal epistemology research: Implications for learning and teaching. Educational Psychology Review, 13(4), 353–383. doi:10.1023/A:1011965830686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer, B. K. (2006). Domain specificity of personal epistemology: Resolved questions, persistent issues, new models. International Journal of Educational Research, 45(1–2), 85–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2006.08.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1989). Organising for cultural diversity. European Management Journal, 7(4), 390–397. doi:10.1016/0263-2373(89)90075-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1998). Identifying organizational subcultures: An empirical approach. Journal of Management Studies, 35(1), 1–12. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, H. Y. (2009). Organizational learning culture’s influence on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention among R&D professionals in Taiwan during an economic downturn (Dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jehng, J.-C. J., Johnson, S. D., & Anderson, R. C. (1993). Schooling and students′ epistemological beliefs about learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18(1), 23–35. doi:10.1006/ceps.1993.1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, S. J., & Joo, B.-K. (2011). Knowledge sharing: The influences of learning organization culture, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(3), 353–364. doi:10.1177/1548051811405208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. (2011). Workplace learning: Organizations, ethics, and issues. In M. Malloch, L. Cairns, K. Evans, & B. N. O’Connor (Eds.), The Sage handbook of workplace learning. London: Sage, 456–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyar, M. N., & Rafi, N. (2013). ‘Organizational learning culture’: An ingenious device for promoting firm’s innovativeness. The Service Industries Journal, 33(12), 1135–1147. doi:10.1080/02642069.2012.716828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kienhues, D., Bromme, R., & Stahl, E. (2008). Changing epistemological beliefs: The unexpected impact of a short-term intervention. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(4), 545–565. doi:10.1348/000709907X268589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y.-C., Liang, J.-C., & Tsai, C.-C. (2012). The relationships between epistemic beliefs in biology and approaches to learning biology among biology-major university students in Taiwan. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(6), 796–807. doi:10.1007/s10956-012-9367-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, D. W. D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. The Academy of Management Executive (1993–2005), 14(4), 113–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Nicolás, C., & Meroño-Cerdán, Á. L. (2011). Strategic knowledge management, innovation and performance. International Journal of Information Management, 31(6), 502–509. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsick, V. E., & Watkins, K. E. (2003). Demonstrating the value of an organization’s learning culture: The dimensions of the learning organization questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5(132), 138–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. doi:10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, S. A., Rehbein, K. A., Hosseini, J. C., & Armacost, R. L. (1995). A test of environmental, situational, and personal influences on the ethical intentions of CEOs. Business and Society., 34(2), 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muis, K. R., & Duffy, M. C. (2013). Epistemic climate and epistemic change: Instruction designed to change students’ beliefs and learning strategies and improve achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(1), 213–225. doi:10.1037/a0029690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muis, K. R., & Sinatra, G. M. (2008). University cultures and epistemic beliefs: Examining differences between two academic environments. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Knowing, knowledge and beliefs (pp. 137–150). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company. New York/Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proubert, B. (1999). Gendered works and gendered work: Implications for women’s learning. In D. Boud & J. Garrick (Eds.), Understanding learning at work. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quian, G., & Pan, J. (2002). A comparison of epistemological beliefs and learning from science text between American and Chinese high school students. In B. K. Hofer & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Personal epistemology: The psychology of beliefs about knowledge and knowing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Longenecker, C. O. (1990). The behavioral expression of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(2), 210–224. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90028-Z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sackmann, S. A. (1992). Culture and subcultures: An analysis of organizational knowledge. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1), 140–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schommer, M. (1990). Effects of beliefs about the nature of knowledge on comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 498–504. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.3.498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schommer, M., Crouse, A., & Rhodes, N. (1992). Epistemological beliefs and mathematical text comprehension: believing it is simple does not make it so. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(4), 435–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schommer-Aikins, M., & Easter, M. (2008). Epistemological beliefs’ contributions to study strategies of Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 920–929. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.4.920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, J. H., & Kolb, J. A. (2012). Learning organizational culture and firm performance: The mediating effects of knowledge creation in Korean firms. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(2), 252–264. doi:10.1177/1548051812461146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonntag, K. (2002). Personalentwicklung und Training [Human resource training and development]. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 1(2), 59–79. doi:10.1026//1617-6391.1.2.59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonntag, K., Schaper, N., & Friebe, J. (2005). Erfassung und Bewertung von Merkmalen unternehmensbezogener Lernkulturen [Ascertainment and measurement of characteristics of organizational learning cultures]. In Arbeitsgemeinschaft Betriebliche Weiterbildungsforschung e. V. (Ed.), Kompetenzmessung im Unternehmen: Lernkultur- und Kompetenzanalysen im betrieblichen Umfeld (Vol. 18, pp. 19–339). Münster/New York/München/Berlin: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonntag, K., & Stegmaier, R. (1999). Organisationales Lernen und Wissensmanagement [Organizational learning and knowledge management]. In W. Schöni & K. Sonntag (Eds.), Personalförderung im Unternehmen: Bildung, qualifizierende Arbeit und Netzwerke für das 21. Jahrhundert (pp. 77–88). Chur, Switzerland: Ruegger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonntag, K., Stegmaier, R., Schaper, N., & Friebe, J. (2004). Dem Lernen im Unternehmen auf der Spur: Operationalisierung von Lernkultur [Learning in organizations – Operationalizing learning culture]. Unterrichtswissenschaft, 32(2), 104–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Hooff, B., & de Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: The influence of organizational commitment, communication climate and CMC use on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117–130. doi:10.1108/13673270410567675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Egmond, M. C., Kühnen, U., & Li, J. (2013). Mind and virtue: The meaning of learning, a matter of culture? Learning Culture and Social Interaction, 2(3), 208–216. doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2013.06.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windschitl, M., & Andre, T. (1998). Using computer simulations to enhance conceptual change: The roles of constructivist instruction and student epistemological beliefs. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 35(2), 145–160. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199802)35:2<145::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-S.

  • Yang, B. (2003). Identifying valid and reliable measures for dimensions of a learning culture. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5(2), 152–162. doi:10.1177/1523422303005002003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, F.-Y., & Tsai, C.-C. (2008). Investigating university student preferences and beliefs about learning in the web-based context. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1284–1303. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.12.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zack, M. H. (1999). Developing a knowledge strategy. California Management Review, 3, 125–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph Fischer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fischer, C., O’Connor, B.N. (2014). Informal Learning in Workplaces: Understanding Learning Culture as a Challenge for Organizational and Individual Development. In: Harteis, C., Rausch, A., Seifried, J. (eds) Discourses on Professional Learning. Professional and Practice-based Learning, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7012-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics