Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metastasis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Homeostasis - Tumor - Metastasis

  • 1442 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter deals with the transition from primary cancerous tumors to metastatic tumor progression. Earlier theories suggested that tumor spread from the primary tumors starts with the intravasation of tumor cells that are carried to distant places of the organism by the blood circulation. The chapter describes a new tumor model named renal capsule – parathymic lymph node model where tumor spread starts with extravasation. The new model and provides evidence that in poorly vascularized primary tumors (liver, kidney) neoangiogenesis takes place at the outer part of the tumor and tumor is necrotized inside. Extravasated tumor cells enter the interstitial fluid and are expulsed along with blood cells into the abdominal cavity through the peripheral tumor disruptions. Intraperitoneally administered colloidal particles, among them tumor cells, blood cells, and colloidal carbon, traverse the diaphragm, are collected by the thoracal lymphatic vessels and enter the thoracal lymph nodes, primarily the parathymic lymph nodes as the first site of metastasis. The steps of the metastatic cascade have been deduced from the new tumor model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abernethy NJ, Chin W, Hay JB, Rodela H, Oreopoulos D, Johnston MG (1991) Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep. Am J Physiol 260:F353–F358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akewanlop C, Watanabe M, Singh B, Walker M, Kufe DW, Hayes DF (2001) Phagocytosis of breast cancer cells mediated by anti-MUC-1 monoclonal antibody, DF3, and its bispecific antibody. Cancer Res 61:4061–4065

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberg AJ, Samet JM (2010) “46”. Murray & Nadel’s textbook of respiratory medicine, 5th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hajj M, Clarke MF (2004) Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene 23:7274–7282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mehdi AB, Tozawa K, Fisher AB, Shientag L, Lee A, Muschel RJ (2000) Intravascular origin of metastasis from the proliferation of endothelium-attached tumor cells—a new model for metastasis. Nat Med 6:100–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JP (2005) The art of medicine in ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 70

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpert ME, Hutt MS, Wogan GN, Davidson CS (1971) Association between aflatoxin content of food and hepatoma frequency in Uganda. Cancer 28:253–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (1997) Surveillance research, 1998. Vital statistics of the United States. American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (2004) Cancer facts and figures. Selected cancers. American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (2013) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • An Z, Wang X, Geller J, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM (1998) Surgical orthotopic implantation allows high lung and lymph node metastatic expression of human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 in nude mice. Prostate 34:169–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu SN (2008) Temporal trends in breast cancer presentation in the third world. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 27:17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arras M, Strasser R, Mohri M, Doll R, Eckert P, Schaper W, Schaper J (1998) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is expressed by monocytes/macrophages following cardiac microembolization and is antagonized by cyclosporine. Basic Res Cardiol 93:97–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baggiolini M (1998) Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 392:565–568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balmer ML, Dufour J-F (2012) Molecular mechanisms of liver cancer metastasis. In: Quiao L, Li Y, Yan X, George J (eds) Molecular aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bentham e-Books, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Oak Park, IL: pp 86–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Banfalvi G (2012a) Metastatic view of breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 31:815–822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banfalvi G (2012b) Role of parathymic lymph nodes in metastatic tumor development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 31:89–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banfalvi G, Csernay L (1975) Factors influencing the formation of 113mIn–Fe(OH)3 macroaggregates. Acta Pharm Hung 45:215–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banfalvi G, Pal I, Csernay L (1972) Preparation of 113mIn colloid for liver scintigraphy. Acta Pharm Hung 42:25–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bapat SA (2007) Evolution of cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 17:204–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastida E, Almirall L, Bertomeu MC, Ordinas A (1989) Influence of shear stress on tumor-cell adhesion to endothelial-cell extracellular matrix and its modulation by fibronectin. Int J Cancer 43:1174–1178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bejach E (1927) Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung in Deutschland mit Berücksichtigung der ausserdeutschen Tabakgegnerbewegungen 3–4 Thesis, University of Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenblum I, Shubik P (1941) A new quantitative approach to the study of stages of chemical carcinogenesis in the mouse’s skin. Br J Cancer 1:383

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin O, Samid D, Donthineni-Rao R, Akeson W, Amiel D, Woods VL Jr (1993) Development of a novel spontaneous metastasis model of human osteosarcoma transplanted orthotopically into bone of athymic mice. Cancer Res 53:4890–4895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berx G, Raspe E, Christofori G, Thiery JP, Sleeman JP (2007) Pre-EMTing metastasis? Recapitulation of morphogenetic processes in cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 24:587–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bibby MC (2004) Orthotopic models of cancer for preclinical drug evaluation: advantages and disadvantages. Eur J Cancer 40:852–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biesalski HK, Bueno de Mesquita B, Chesson A, Chytil F, Grimble R, Hermus RJ, Köhrle J, Lotan R, Norpoth K, Pastorino U, Thurnham D (1998) European consensus statement on lung cancer: risk factors and prevention. Lung cancer Panel. CA Cancer J Clin 48:164–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ (2005) The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer 5:899–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blau JN, Gaugas JM (1968) Parathymic lymph nodes in rats and mice. Immunology 14:763–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg BS, Larouzé B, London WT, Werner B, Hesser JE, Millman I, Saimot G, Payet M (1975) The relation of infection with the hepatitis B agent to primary hepatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 81:669–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogden AE, Haskell PM, LePage DJ, Kelton DE, Cobb WR, Esber HJ (1979) Growth of human tumor xenografts implanted under the renal capsule of normal immunocompetent mice. Exp Cell Biol 47:281–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogden AE, Griffin W, Reich SD, Costanza ME, Cobb WR (1984) Predictive testing with the subrenal capsule assay. Cancer Treat Rev Suppl A 113–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Bos PD, Zhang XH, Nadal C, Shu W, Gomis RR, Nguyen DX, Minn AJ, van de Vijver MJ, Gerald WL, Foeken JA, Massagué J (2009) Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Nature 459:1005–1012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouisson E-F (1858) Tribut à la chirurgie. Baillière, Paris, pp 1259–1303

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown K, Buchmann A, Balmain A (1990) Carcinogen-induced mutations in the mouse c-Ha-ras gene provide evidence of multiple pathways for tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:538–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubendorf L, Schöpfer A, Wagner U et al (2000) Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients. Hum Pathol 31:578–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussemakers MJ, Schalken JA (1996) The role of cell adhesion molecules and proteases in tumor invasion and metastasis. World J Urol 14:151–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler TP, Gullino PM (1975) Quantification of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 35:3512–3516

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell LV Jr, Gilbert E, Chamberlain CR Jr, Watne AL (1968) Metastases of cancer to cancer. Cancer 22:635–643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campen CJ, Dragovich T, Baker AF (2011) Management strategies in pancreatic cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm 68:573–584

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2008) Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 455:1061–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmona RH (2006) The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke”

    Google Scholar 

  • Casley-Smith JR, Florey HW (1961) The structure of normal small lymphatics. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 46:101–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catelinois O, Rogel A, Laurier D, Billon S, Hemon D, Verger P, Tirmarche M (2006) Lung cancer attributable to indoor radon exposure in France: impact of the risk models and uncertainty analysis. Environ Health Perspect 114:1361–1366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti PA (1988) Response modification creates promotability in multistage carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 9:519–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers AF, Schmidt EE, MacDonald IC (1992) Early steps in hematogenous metastasis of B16F1 melanoma cells in chick embryos studied by high-resolution intravital microscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:797–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers AA, Cado D, Truong T, Allison JP (1997) Thymocyte development is normal in CTLA-4-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:9296–9301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers AF, Groom AC, MacDonald IC (2002) Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer 2:563–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H, Weaver AL, Blute ML (2003) Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 27:612–624

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu HF, Cheng MH, Tsai SS, Wu TN, Kuo HW, Yang CY (2006) Outdoor air pollution and female lung cancer in Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol 18:1025–1031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu KC, Lin MC, Liang YC, Chen CY (2008) Renal carcinosarcoma: case report and review of literature. Ren Fail 30:1034–1039

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chodosh LA, D’Cruz CM, Gardner HP, Ha SI, Marquis ST, Rajan JV, Stairs DB, Wang JY, Wang M (1999) Mammary gland development, reproductive history, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 59:1765–1771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou YH, Chiou HJ, Tiu CM, Chen JD, Hung GS, Chiang JH (2002) Some unusual complications of malignancies: case 1. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrated by contrast-enhanced sonography. J Clin Oncol 20:4108–4111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr (1999) Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 281:1628–1631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO (2000) Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC. Nature 406:532–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke R (1996) Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer. The immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39:69–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran AJ, Huang RR, Lee J, Itakura E, Leong SP, Essner R (2006) Tumor-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 6:659–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colmone A, Amorim M, Andrea L, Pontier AL, Wang S, Jablonski E, Sipkins DA (2008) Leukemic cells create bone marrow niches that disrupt the behavior of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Science 322:1861–1865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook GJ, Pardee TS (2013) Animal models of leukemia: any closer to the real thing? Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:63–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle YM, Minahjuddin AT, Hynan LS, Minna JD (2006) An ecological study of the association of metal air pollutants with lung cancer incidence in Texas. J Thorac Oncol 1:654–661

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crile G Jr (1967) A biological consideration of treatment of breast cancer. Charles C Thomas Publisher, Springfield, p 189

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey Smith G, Ströbele SA, Egger M (1994) Smoking and health promotion in Nazi Germany. J Epidemiol Community Health 48:220–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis RD, Oldham HN, Sabiston DC (1987) Primary cysts and neoplasms of the mediastinum: recent changes in clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management, and results. Ann Thorac Surg 44:229–237

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Both NJ, Vermey M, Dinjens WN, Bosman FT (1999) A comparative evaluation of various invasion assays testing colon carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 81:934–941

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM (2006) Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 6:24–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Decker S, Sausville E (2011) Perspectives on the history and evolution of tumor models. Chapter 1. In: Teicher BA (ed) Tumor models in cancer research. Springer, New York, pp 3–20. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-968-0_1

    Google Scholar 

  • Deisboeck TS, Couzin ID (2009) Collective behavior in cancer cell populations. Bioessays 31:190–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Bakker MA, Oosterhuis JW (2009) Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the thymus other than thymoma; a practical approach. Histopathology 54:69–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Denissenko MF, Pao A, Tang M, Pfeifer PF (1996) Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53. Science 274:430–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devereux TR, Taylor JA, Barrett JC (1996) Molecular mechanisms of lung cancer. Interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Chest (American College of Chest Physicians) 109:14S–19S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dezso B, Rady P, Varga E, Gomba S, Poulsen K, Kertai P (1991) Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of dimethylnitrosamine-induced malignant mesenchymal renal tumor in F344 rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 116:372–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Dine J, Deng CX (2013) Mouse models of BRCA1 and their application to breast cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:25–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson J (1972) Percivall Pott. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 50:54–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doe J (1960) Jean Astruc (1694–1766): a biography and bibliography. J History Med 15:184–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Peto R (1981) The causes of cancer. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Double JA, Ball CR, Cowen PN (1975) Transplantation of adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 54:271–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn TB (1954) Normal and pathologic anatomy of the reticular tissue in laboratory mice, with a classification and discussion of neoplasms. J Natl Cancer Inst 14:1281–1433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Serag HB (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Serag HB, Mason AC (1999) Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 340:745–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing J (1928) A treatise on tumors, neoplastic diseases, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearon ER (2011) Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 6:479–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman M, Eisenbach L (1988) What makes a tumor cell metastatic? Sci Am 259:40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127:2893–2917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (1991) Orthotopic implantation of human colon carcinomas into nude mice provides a valuable model for the biology and therapy of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 10:229–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (1995) Melanoma metastasis. Cancer Control J 2. http://moffittcancercenter.com/CCJRoot/v2n5/article3.html

  • Fidler IJ (2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis. The seed and soil hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 3:453–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ, Naito S, Pathak S (1990) Orthotopic implantation is essential for the selection, growth and metastasis of human renal cell cancer in nude mice [corrected]. Cancer Metastasis Rev 9:149–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finger H, Heymer B, Emmerling P, Hof H (1977) Antibody-forming potential of lymph nodes in aged mice, with special reference to the influence of adjuvant. Gerontology 23:185–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman J, Merler E, Abernathy C, Williams G (1971) Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med 133:275–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fong KM, Sekido Y, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2003) Lung cancer 9: molecular biology of lung cancer: clinical implications. Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group Ltd) 58:892–900

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes NS (2010) Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 10:785–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley EE, Weiss L (1961) An electron microscopic study of the lymphatic vessels in the penile skin of the rat. Am J Anat 109:85–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schüz J (2011) Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumors: update of Danish cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed) 343:d6387

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedl P, Wolf K (2003) Tumor-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 3:362–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz DL, Waag DM (1999) Transdiaphragmatic lymphatic transport of intraperitoneally administered marker in hamsters. Lab Anim Sci 49:522–529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabril MY, Duan W, Wu G, Moussa M, Izawa JI, Panchal CJ, Sakai H, Xuan JW (2005) A novel knock-in prostate cancer model demonstrates biology similar to that of human prostate cancer and suitable for preclinical studies. Mol Ther 11:348–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebbia M, Ferrero GB, Pilia G, Bassi MT, Aylsworth A, Penman-Splitt M, Bird LM, Bamforth JS, Burn J, Schlessinger D, Nelson DL, Casey B (1997) X-linked situs abnormalities result from mutations in ZIC3. Nat Genet 17:305–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gober MD, Bashir HM, Seykora JT (2013) Reconstructing skin cancers using animal models. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:123–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S (2001) Understanding the role of xenobiotic-metabolism in chemical carcinogenesis using gene knockout mice. Mutat Res 477:79–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodison S, Kawai K, Hihara J, Jiang P, Yang M, Urquidi V, Hoffman RM, Tarin D (2003) Prolonged dormancy and site-specific growth potential of cancer cells spontaneously disseminated from nonmetastatic breast tumors as revealed by labeling with green fluorescent protein. Clin Cancer Res 9:3808–3814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorden JR, Quigley JP (1986) Early spontaneous metastasis in the human epidermoid carcinoma Hep3/chick embryo model: contribution of incidental colonization. Int J Cancer 38:437–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorlova OY, Weng SF, Zhang Y, Amos CI, Spitz MR (2007) Aggregation of cancer among relatives of never-smoking lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 121:111–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta GP, Nguyen DX, Chiang AC, Bos PD, Kim JY, Nadal C, Gomis RR, Manova-Todorova K, Massagué J (2007) Mediators of vascular remodeling co-opted for sequential steps in lung metastasis. Nature 446:765–771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton KZ, Kensler TW (1993) Oxidative mechanisms in carcinogenesis. Br Med Bull 49:523–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ (1997) The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. Br Med J 315:980–988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haier J (1997) Indication and strategy of surgical treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer. In: Buhr HJ, Runkel N (eds) Operationskurs: Kolorektales Karzinom. Ambrosius Barth Verlag, Leipzig, pp 138–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsted WS (1894) The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1899, to January, 1894. Ann Surg 20:497–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell MI, Iritani BM, Ruddell A (2007) Tumor-induced sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and increased lymph flow precede melanoma metastasis. Am J Pathol 170:774–786

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris PF, Templeton WR (1966) Preliminary studies on the lymphatic drainage of the guinea-pig thymus with special reference to extrinsic vessels. J Anat Lond 100:694–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart IR, Fidler IJ (1980) Cancer invasion and metastasis. Q Rev Biol 55:121–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heppner GH (1993) Cancer cell societies and tumor progression. Stem Cells 11:199–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM (2008) Molecular origins of cancer: lung cancer. N Engl J Med 359:1367–1380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanek P Jr, Wiebelt H, Riedl S, Staimmer D, Hermanek P (1994) Long-term results of surgical therapy of colon cancer. Results of the Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Chirurg 65:287–297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzig M, Christofori G (2002) Recent advances in cancer research: mouse models of tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602:97–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog CR, Lubet RA, You M (1997) Genetic alterations in mouse lung tumors: implications for cancer chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem Suppl 28–29:49–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hindie E, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Keller I, Duron F, Devaux J-Y, Calzada-Nocaudie M, Sarfati E, Moretti JL, Bouchard P, Toubert ME (2007) Bone metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer: impact of early 131I-based detection on outcome. Endocr Relat Cancer 14:799–807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano Y, Oda M, Tsunezuka Y, Ishikawa N, Watanabe G (2005) Long-term survival cases of lung cancer presented as solitary bone metastasis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11:401–404

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RM (1999) Orthotopic metastatic mouse models for anticancer drug discovery and evaluation: a bridge to the clinic. Invest New Drugs 17:343–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzapfel BM, Thibaudeau L, Hesami P, Taubenberger A, Holzapfel NP, Mayer-Wagner S, Power C, Clements J, Russell P, Hutmacher DW (2013) Humanised xenograft models of bone metastasis revisited: novel insights into species-specific mechanisms of cancer cell osteotropism. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:129–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn L, Pao W, Johnson DH (2012) “89” Harrison’s principal of internal medicine, 18th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D (1991) Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 27:131–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang RR, Wen DR, Guo J, Guiliano AE, Nguyen M, Offodile R, Stern S, Turner R, Cochran AJ (2000) Selective modulation of paracortical dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes in breast cancer sentinel lymph nodes. Breast J 6:225–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MS, Wang TJ, Liang CL, Huang HM, Yang IC, Yi-Jan H, Hsiao M (2002) Establishment of fluorescent lung carcinoma metastasis model and its real-time microscopic detection in SCID mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 19:359–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins CB, Grand LC, Brillantes FP (1961) Mammary cancer induced by a single feeding of polymucular hydrocarbons, and its suppression. Nature (Lond) 189:204–207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins CB, Grand LC, Oka H (1970) Hundred day leukemia: preferential induction in rat by pulse-doses of 7,8,12-trimethylbenz(a)anthracene. J Exp Med 131:321–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins CB, Ueda N, Wiessler M (1981) N-nitroso-N-methylurea elicits mammary cancer in resistant and sensitive rat strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:1185–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo H, Ackland ML, Blick T, Lawrence MG, Clements JA, Williams ED, Thompson EW (2007) Epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions in carcinoma progression. J Cell Physiol 213:374–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes RO (2003) Metastatic potential: genetic predisposition of the primary tumor or rare, metastatic variants-or both? Cell 113:821–823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ichim CV, Wells RA (2006) First among equals: the cancer cell hierarchy. Leuk Lymphoma 47:2017–2227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ince N, Wands JR (1999) The increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 340:798–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue S, Nagao T, Wakabayashi T, Beck Y, Shimizu K, Watanabe K, Tomikawa S, Mita K, Sugimoto H, Uchida H (1992) Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: an approach with delayed hepatectomy. Surg Today 22:474–480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irshad S, Abate-Shen C (2013) Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:109–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito S, Nakanishi H, Ikehara Y (2001) Real-time observation of micrometastasis formation in the living mouse liver using green fluorescent protein-tagged rat tongue carcinoma cell line. Int J Cancer 93:212–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James TN (1983) Thrombi in antrum atrii dextri of human heart as clinically important source for microembolisation to lungs. Br Heart J 49:122–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James O (2002) Bathsheba’s breast: women, cancer, and history. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Jardines L, Goyal S, Royce M, Jaiyesimi I, Shari B, Goldfarb SB (2012) Stages III and IV breast cancer. In: Haller DG, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (eds) Cancer management: a multidisciplinary approach, 14th edn. UBM Medica, Norwalk. http://www.ubmmedica.com

  • Javidan J, Stricker HJ, Tamboli P, Amin MB, Peabody JO, Deshpande A, Menon M, Amin MB (1999) Prognostic significance of the 1997 TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 162:1277–1281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ (2008) Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 58:71–96

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61:69–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins DE, Yu SF, Hornig YS, Purchio T, Contag PR (2003) In vivo monitoring of tumor relapse and metastasis using bioluminescent PC-3 M-luc-C6 cells in murine models of human prostate cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 20:745–756

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RL, Fleet JC (2013) Animal models of colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:39–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson D, Shah P (2005) Thorax. In: Standring S (ed) Gray’s anatomy, 39th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 951–1079

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir Z, Bennett K, Clancy L (2007) Lung cancer and urban air-pollution in Dublin: a temporal association? Ir Med J 100:367–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaczynski J, Oden A (1999) Increasing incidence of primary liver cancer – matter of ageing? GI Cancer 3:67–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlik B (2013) A newly discovered rat tumor. Characterization of My2/De leukemia. MSc diploma work. Supervisors: G. Banfalvi and P. Kertai

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn D, Williams RD, Manyak MJ, Haseman MK, Seldin DW, Libertino JA, Maguire RT (1998) 111Indium-capromab pendetide in the evaluation of patients with residual or recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The ProstaScint Study Group. J Urol 159:2041–2047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, Drobnjak M, Kakonen SM, Cordon-Cardo C, Guise TA, Massague J (2003) A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 6:537–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerbel RS, Cornil I, Theodorescu D (1991) Importance of orthotopic transplantation procedures in assessing the effects of transfected genes on human tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 10:201–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna C, Hunter K (2005) Modeling metastasis in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26:513–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna C, Prehn J, Yeung C, Caylor J, Tsokos M, Helman L (2000) An orthotopic model of murine osteosarcoma with clonally related variants differing in pulmonary metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 18:261–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kienast Y, von Baumgarten L, Fuhrmann M, Klinkert WE, Goldbrunner R, Herms J, Winkler F (2010) Real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation. Nat Med 16:116–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilburn KH (1984) Particles causing lung disease. Environ Health Perspect 55:97–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen KL, DeMeo JH, Cole TJ (1999) Computed tomography of traumatic and nontraumatic retroperitoneal emergencies. Emerg Radiol 6:232–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Killion JJ, Radinsky R, Fidler IJ (1998) Orthotopic models are necessary to predict therapy of transplantable tumors in mice. Cancer Metastasis Rev 17:279–284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinouchi T, Saiki S, Meguro N, Maeda O, Kuroda M, Usami M, Kotake T (1999) Impact of tumor size on the clinical outcomes of patients with Robson State I renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 85:689–695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama J, Nagawa H, Tsuno N (1999) Laminin mediates tethering and spreading of colon cancer cells in physiological shear flow. Br J Cancer 80:1927–1934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohrt HE, Nouri N, Nowels K, Johnson D, Holmes S, Lee PP (2005) Profile of immune cells in axillary lymph nodes predicts disease-free survival in breast cancer. PLoS Med 2:e284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koop S, MacDonald IC, Luzzi K, Schmidt EE, Morris VL, Grattan M, Khokha R, Chambers AF, Groom AC (1995) Fate of melanoma cells entering the microcirculation: over 80% survive and extravasate. Cancer Res 55:2520–2523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs LT, Iwai N, Nonaka S, Welsh IC, Lan Y, Jiang R, Saijoh Y, O’Brien TP, Hamada H, Gridley T (2003) Notch signaling regulates left-right asymmetry determination by inducing nodal expression. Genes Dev 17:1207–1212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda N, Katto K, Tamura M, Shiotsu T, Hes O, Michal M, Nagashima Y, Ohara M, Irouchi T, Mizuno K, Hayashi Y, Lee GH (2008) Carcinoid tumor of the renal pelvis: consideration on the histogenesis. Pathol Int 58:51–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix M (2006) Significance, detection and markers of disseminated breast cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 13:1033–1067

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layde PM, Webster LA, Baughman AL, Wingo PA, Rubin GL, Ory HW (1989) The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol 42:963–973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leak LV (1971) Studies on the permeability of lymphatic capillaries. J Cell Biol 50:300--323

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong SP, Cady B, Jablons DM, Garcia-Aguilar J, Reintgen D, Jakub J, Pendas S, Giuliano R, Archie V, Calvin D, Mensha L, Shivers S, Cox C, Werner JA, Kitagawa Y, Kitajima M (2006) Clinical patterns of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:221–232

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leu AJ, Berk DA, Lymboussaki A, Alitalo K, Jain RK (2000) Absence of functional lymphatics within murine sarcoma: a molecular and functional evaluation. Cancer Res 60:4324–4327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad P (2004) Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Surg 93:88–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liotta LA (1986) Tumor invasion and metastasis — role of the extracellular matrix. Cancer Res 46:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liotta LA, Saidel MG, Kleinerman J (1976) The significance of hematogenous tumor cell clumps in the metastatic process. Cancer Res 36:889–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loris P (1970) Aselli, Gaspare. Dictionary of scientific biography. Charles Scribner’s Son, New York, pp 315–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Luzzi KJ, MacDonald IC, Schmidt EE, Kerkvliet N, Morris VL, Chambers AF, Groom AC (1998) Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency: dormancy of solitary cells after successful extravasation and limited survival of early micrometastases. Am J Pathol 153:865–873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macchiarini P, Ostertag H (2004) Uncommon primary mediastinal tumors. Lancet Oncol 5:107–118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacMahon B, Cole P, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, Salber EJ, Valaoras VG, Yuasa S (1970) Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull World Health Org 43:209–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malek M, Kanafi AR, Pourghorban R, Nafisi-Moghadam R (2012) Isolated humeral metastasis in uterine cervical cancer: a rare entity. J Clin Imaging Sci 2:80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malkinson AM (1992) Primary lung tumors in mice: an experimentally manipulable model of human adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 52:2670–2676

    Google Scholar 

  • Marco AJ, Domingo M, Ruberte J, Carretero A, Briones V, Dominguez L (1992) Lymphatic drainage of Listeria monocytogenes and Indian ink inoculated in the peritoneal cavity of the mouse. Lab Anim 26:200–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menter DG, Herrmann JL, Nicolson GL (1995) The role of trophic factors and autocrine/paracrine growth factors in brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 13:67–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merck Manual Professional Edition (2007) Lung carcinoma: tumors of the lungs. Online edition Retrieved 15 August 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Michor F, Polyak K (2010) The origins and implications of intratumor heterogeneity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3:1361–1364

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishell BB, Shiigii SM (1980) Selected methods in cellular immunology. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Montel V, Huang TY, Mose E, Pestonjamasp K, Tarin D (2005) Expression profiling of primary tumors and matched lymphatic and lung metastases in a xenogeneic breast cancer model. Am J Pathol 166:1565–1579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore A, Sergeyev N, Bredow S, Weissieder R (1998) A model system to quantitate tumor burden in locoregional lymph nodes during cancer spread. Invasion Metastasis 18:192–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morcos MB, Lotfi ZS, Sabban MA, Ibrahim MS, Nada SM (1977) Mastitis concomitant with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in buffaloes. Ann Rech Vet 8:221–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgagni GB (1761). De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis. OL 24830495M

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris B, Courtice FC (1977) Cells and immunoglobulins in lymph. Lymphology 10:62–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mottram JC (1944) A sensitizing factor in experimental blastogenesis. J Pathol Bacteriol 6:391–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Motzer RJ, Bander NH, Nanus DM (1996) Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 335:865–875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller C, Tschumper A, Tschumper JC, Hess MW, Cottier H (1987) Parathymic lymph node: oriented proliferative response of the murine thymic cortex to intraperitoneal stimulation. Thymus 9:3–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulders PF, Brouwers AH, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa CA, van Lin EN, Osanto S, de Mulder PH (2008) Guideline renal cell carcinoma. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch; Flemish) 152:376–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagamachi Y, Tani M, Shimizu K, Tsuda H, Niitsu Y, Yokota J (1998) Orthotopic growth and metastasis of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell injected into the pleural cavity of nude mice. Cancer Lett 127:203–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy JA (1992) Lymphatic and nonlymphatic pathways of peritoneal absorption in mice: physiology versus pathology. Blood Purif 10:148–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naito S, von Eschenbach AC, Fidler IJ (1987) Different growth pattern and biologic behavior of human renal cell carcinoma implanted into different organs of nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:377–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naumov GN, Wilson SM, MacDonald IC, Schmidt EE, Morris VL, Groom AC, Hoffman RM, Chambers AF (1999) Cellular expression of green fluorescence protein, coupled with high-resolution in-vivo microscopy, to monitor steps in tumor metastasis. J Cell Sci 112:1835–1842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen DX, Bos PD, Massague J (2009) Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization. Nat Rev Cancer 9:274–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL (1988a) Cancer metastasis: tumor cell and host properties important in colonization of specific secondary sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 948:175–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL (1988b) Organ specificity of tumor metastasis: role of preferential adhesion, invasion and growth of malignant cells at specific secondary sites. Cancer Metastasis Rev 7:143–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL (1991) Tumor and host molecules important in the organ preference of metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2:143–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson GL, Menter DG, Herrmann J, Cavanaugh P, Jia L, Hamada J, Yun Z, Nakajima M, Marchetti D (1994) Tumor metastasis to brain: role of endothelial cells, neurotrophins, and paracrine growth factors. Crit Rev Oncog 5:451–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nzegwu MA, Aligbe JU, Akintomide GS, Akhigbe AO (2007) Mature cystic renal teratoma in a 25-year-old woman with ipsilateral hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection and spontaneous abortion. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 16:300–302

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly KM, Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ (2007) Asbestos-related lung disease. Am Fam Physician 75:683–688

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shaughnessy J (2005) Extending survival with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 10:20–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paget S (1889) The distribution of secondary growth in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1:571–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan J, Mestas J, Burdick MD, Phillips RJ, Thomas GV, Reckamp K, Belperio JA, Strieter RM (2006) Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and CXCR4 in renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Mol Cancer 5:56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS (2001) The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:1611–1623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J (1993) Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer 54:594–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patsikas MN, Dessiris A (1996) The lymph drainage of the mammary glands in the Bitch: a lymphographic study. Part II: the 3rd mammary gland. Anat Histol Embryol 25:139–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira J, Mancini I, Bruera E (2000) The management of bleeding in patients with advanced cancer. In: Portenoy RK, Bruera E (eds) Topics in palliative care, vol 4. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 163–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C Jr, Doll R (1996) Mortality from smoking worldwide. Br Med Bull 52:12–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petraki C, Vaslamatzis M, Argyrakos T, Petraki K, Strataki M, Alexopoulos C, Sotsiou F (2003) Tumor to tumor metastasis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 11:127–135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister G, Saesseli B, Hoffmann U, Geiger M, Bollinger A (1990) Diameters of lymphatic capillaries in patients with different forms of primary lymphedema. Lymphology 23:140–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pisani P, Parkin DM, Ferlay J (1993) Estimates of the worldwide mortality from eighteen major cancers in 1985. Implications for prevention and projections of future burden. Int J Cancer 55:891–903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt MLM, Anderson AO (1988) Direct transdiaphragmatic traffic of peritoneal macrophages to the lung. In: Sigbjørn S, Rolstad B (eds) Histopathology of the immune system. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp 627–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsypanina K, Du YC, Jechlinger M, Beverly LJ, Hambardzumyan D, Varmus H (2008) Seeding and propagation of untransformed mouse mammary cells in the lung. Science 321:1841–1844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter KM, Juacaba SF, Price JE, Tarin D (1983) Observations on organ distribution of fluoroscein-labelled tumor cells released intravascularly. Invasion Metastasis 3:221–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Premack BA, Schall TJ (1996) Chemokine receptors: gateways to inflammation and infection. Nat Med 2:1174–1178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor RN (1995) Cancer wars: how politics shapes what we know and don’t know about cancer. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor RN (1997) The Nazi war on tobacco: ideology, evidence, and possible cancer consequences. Bull Hist Med 71:435–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor RN (2001) Tobacco and global lung cancer epidemic. Nat Rev Cancer 1:82–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu W, Su GH (2013) Challenges and advances in mouse modeling for human pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:83–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quiao L, Li Y, Yan X, George J (eds) (2012) Molecular aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Oak Park, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR (2003) A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet 33:49–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414:105–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rini BI, Rathmell WK, Godley P (2008) Renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol 20:300–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen HR (2011) Chronic Hepatitis C infection. N Engl J Med 364:2429–2438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth AD, Tejpar S, Yan P, Fiocca R, Dietrich D, Delorenzi M, Labianca R, Cunningham D, Van Cutsem E, Bosman F (2009) Stage-specific prognostic value of molecular markers in colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC3 – EORTC 40993-SAKK 60–00 trial. In: ASCO annual meeting proceedings (Post-meeting edition). J Clin Oncol 27(15S):4002

    Google Scholar 

  • Rous P, Kidd JG (1941) Conditional neoplasms and subthreshold neoplastic states. J Exp Med 73:365–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rozsa D, Trencsenyi G, Kertai P, Marian T, Nagy G, Banfalvi G (2009) Lymphatic spread of mesenchymal renal tumor to metastatic parathymic lymph nodes. Histol Histopathol 24:1367–1379

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachithanandan A, Badmanaban B, Graham A, O’Kane H (2002) Malignant internal mammary lymph nodes during mobilization of the internal mammary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:5847–5848

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahai E (2007) Illuminating the metastatic process. Nat Rev Cancer 7:737–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salgia R, Skarin AT (1998) Molecular abnormalities in lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 16:1207–1217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saracci R, Repetto F (1980) Time trends of primary liver cancer: indication of increased incidence in selected cancer registry populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:241–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savides TJ, Jensen DM, Cohen J, Randall GM, Kovacs TO, Pelayo E, Cheng S, Jensen ME, Hsieh HY (1996) Severe upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding: endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome. Endoscopy 28:244–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schackert HK, Fidler IJ (1989) Development of an animal model to study the biology of recurrent colorectal cancer originating from mesenteric lymph system metastases. Int J Cancer 44:177–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlumberger M, Arcangioli O, Piekarski J, Tubiana M, Parmentier C (1988) Detection and treatment of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with normal chest X-rays. J Nucl Med 29:1790–1794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter K, Gassmann P, Enns A, Korb T, Hemping-Bovenkerk A, Hölzen J, Haier J (2006) Organ-specific metastatic tumor cell adhesion and extravasation of colon carcinoma cells with different metastatic potential. Am J Pathol 169:1064–1073

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Hansen B, Klingelhöfer J, Grum-Schwensen B, Christensen A, Andresen S, Kruse C, Hansen T, Ambartsumian N, Lukanidin E, Grigorian M (2004) Functional significance of metastasis-inducing S100A4(Mts1) in tumor-stroma interplay. J Biol Chem 279:24498–24504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Severeanu G (1909) Die Lymphgefäße der Thymus. Arch Anat Entw Gesch 93

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields JD, Fleury ME, Yong C, Tomei AA, Randolph GJ, Swartz MA (2007) Autologous chemotaxis as a mechanism of tumor cell homing to lymphatics via intersticial flow and autocrine CCR7 signaling. Cancer Cell 11:526–538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Fennessy FM, Taplin ME, Van den Abbeele AD (2011) Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the primary characteristics of the primary tumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:117–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sipkins DA, Wei X, Wu JW, Runnels JM, Côté D, Means TK, Luster AD, Scadden DT, Lin CP (2005) In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumor engraftment. Nature 435:969–973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman JP (2000) The lymph node as a bridgehead in the metastatic dissemination of tumors. Recent Results Cancer Res 157:55–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeman JP, Thiele W (2009) Tumor metastasis and lymphatic vasculature. Int J Cancer 125:2747–2756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith G, Carey FA, Beattie J, Wilkie MJ, Lightfoot TJ, Coxhead J, Garner RC, Steele RJ, Wolf CR (2002) Mutations in APC, Kirsten-ras, and p53 – alternative genetic pathways to colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9433–9438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn MB (1996) The war on cancer. Lancet 347:1377–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer HW, Foot RA (1987) Changes int he medulla of the parathymic lymph nodes of the rat during acute gastro-intestinal inflammation. J Anat 152:23–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell S (1983) Classics in oncology: George Thomas Beatson, M.D. (1848–1933). Cancer J Clin 33:105–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoletov K, Kato H, Zardouzian E, Kelber J, Yang J, Shattil S, Klemke R (2010) Visualizing extravasation dynamics of metastatic tumor cells. J Cell Sci 123:2332–2341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strizzi L, Hardy KM, Seftor EA, Costa FF, Kirschmann DA, Seftor RE, Postovit LM, Hendrix MJ (2009) Development and cancer: at the crossroads of Nodal and Notch signaling. Cancer Res 69:7131–7134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suwatanapongched T, Gierada DS (2006) CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part I: anatomy and drainage. Br J Radiol 79:922–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Tarin D (2007) Gene expression profiling of human lymph node metastases and matched primary breast carcinomas: clinical implications. Mol Oncol 1:172–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swartling FJ, Hede S-M, Weiss WA (2013) What underlies the diversity of brain tumors? Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:5–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagger A, Donato F, Ribero ML, Chiesa R, Portera G, Gelatti U, Albertini A, Fasola M, Boffetta P, Nardi G (1999) Case-control study on hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of HCV genotypes and the synergism with hepatitis B virus and alcohol. Brescia HCC Study. Int J Cancer 81:695–699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi S, Patrick G (1987) Pattern of lymphatic drainage to individual thoracic and cervical lymph nodes in the rat. Lab Anim 21:31–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131:861–872

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama S (1968) Induction of transplantable liver tumors in DBF mice after oral administration of N, N′-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide. J Natl Cancer Inst 40:629–641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ (2010) AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 70:5649–5669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan MH, Holyoke ED, Goldrosen MH (1977) Murine colon adenocarcinoma: syngenic orthotopic transplantation and subsequent hepatic metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 59:1537–1544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanegashima A, Yamashita A, Yamamoto H, Fukunaga T (1999) Human parathymic lymph node: morphological and functional significance. Immunology 97:301–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarin D (2008) Comparisons of metastases in different organs: biological and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 14:1923–1925

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terada T, Takeuchi R, Nagata S, Kubota H, Honda S (2003) Spontaneous rupture of peripancreatic lymph node with hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis: report of an autopsy case with massive peritoneal bleeding. Hepatol Res 16:73–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, Boffetta P, Buring JE, Feskanich D, Flanders WD, Jee SH, Katanoda K, Kolonel LN, Lee IM, Marugame T, Palmer JR, Riboli E, Sobue T, Avila-Tang E, Wilkens LR, Samet JM (2008) Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies. PLoS Med 5(9):e185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thyavihally YB, Tongaonkar HB, Desai SB (2005) Benign mixed epithelial stromal tumor of the renal pelvis with exophytic growth: case report. Int Semin Surg Oncol 2:18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilney NL (1971) Patterns of lymphatic drainage in the adult laboratory rat. J Anat 109:369–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tindall DJ (ed) (2013) Prostate cancer. Biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics series: protein reviews, vol 16. Springer, New York. eBook ISBN:978-1-4614-6828-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH (1995) Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 3:541–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townson JL, Chambers AF (2006) Dormancy of solitary metastatic cells. Cell Cycle 5:1744–1750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis K (2005) Bernard Fisher reflects on a half-century’s worth of breast cancer research. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1636–1637

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trencsenyi G, Kertai P, Somogyi C, Nagy G, Dombradi Z, Gacsi M, Banfalvi G (2007) Chemically induced carcinogenesis affecting chromatin structure in rat hepatocarcinoma cells. DNA Cell Biol 26:649–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trencsenyi G, Kertai P, Bako F, Hunyadi J, Marian T, Hargitai Z, Pocsi I, Muranyi E, Hornyak L, Banfalvi G (2009) Renal capsule. Parathymic lymph node complex: a new in vivo metastatic model in rats. Anticancer Res 29:2121–2126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trencsenyi G, Juhasz T, Bako F, Marian T, Pocsi I, Kertai K, Hunyadi J, Banfalvi G (2010) Comparison of the tumorigenic potential of liver and kidney tumors induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine. Histol Histopathol 25:309–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi UN, Trivedi ND, Patel MM, Patel JK, Bhandari A (2010) Apoptosis is a newer target for lungs cancer. Pharma Sci Monitor 1:1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsilibary EC, Wissig SL (1983) Lymphatic absorption from the peritoneal cavity: regulation of patency of mesothelial stomata. Microvasc Res 25:22–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urban JA, Baker HW (1952) Radical mastectomy in continuity with en bloc resection of the internal mammary lymph-node chain; a new procedure for primary operable cancer of the breast. Cancer 5:992–1008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USPHS (1964) Smoking and health: report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service 31. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaporciyan AA, Nesbitt JC, Lee JS (2000) Cancer of the lung. In: Holland JF, Frei E (eds) Cancer medicine, 5th edn. BC Decker, Hamilton, London, pp 1227–1292

    Google Scholar 

  • Veer LJ, Dai H, Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, Peterse HL, Kooy K, Marton MJ, Kitteveen AT, Schreiber GJ, Kerkhoven RM, Roberts C, Linsley PS, Bernards R, Friend SH (2002) Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendrell-Torné E, Setoain-Quinquer J, Domenech-Torné FM (1972) Study of normal mammary lymphatic drainage using radioactive isotopes. J Nucl Med 13:801–805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voura EB, Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Simon SM (2004) Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emissionscanning microscopy. Nat Med 10:993–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker SL, George J, Hebbard LW (2012) Animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Quiao L, Li Y, Yan X, George J (eds) Molecular aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bentham e-Books, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Oak Park, IL: pp 116–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yan Y, Lemon WJ, LaRegina M, Morrison C, Lubet R, You M (2004) A chemically induced model for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in mice: histopathology and strain susceptibility. Cancer Res 64:1647–1654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhang Z, Garbow JR, Rowland DJ, Lubet RA, Sit D, Law F, You M (2009) Chemoprevention of lung squamous cell carcinoma in mice by a mixture of Chinese herbs. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2:634–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, James M, Wen W, Lu Y, Szabo E, Lubet RA, You M (2010) Chemopreventive effects of pioglitazone on chemically induced lung carcinogen in mice. Mol Cancer Ther 9:3074–3082

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, Wakeham A, Shahinian A, Lee KP, Thompson CB, Griesser H, Mak TW (1995) Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science 270:985–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weichselbaum RR, Hellman S (2011) Oligometastases revisited. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:378–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss L (2000) Metastasis of cancer: a conceptual history from antiquity to the 1990s. Cancer Metastasis Rev 19:194–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong SY, Hynes RO (2006) Lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination: how does a metastatic tumor cell decide? Cell Cycle 5:812–817

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood K, Cameron M, Fitzgerald K (2008) Breast size, bra fit and thoracic pain in young women: a correlational study. Chiropr Osteopat 16:1–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward PJ, Hosseinzadeh K, Saenger JS (2004) From the archives of the AFIP: radiologic staging of ovarian carcinoma with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 24:225–246

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yachida S, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA (2009) The pathology and genetics of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:413–422

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi K, Yang M, Jiang P, Xu M, Yamamoto N, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K, Moossa AR, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM (2006) Development of realtime subcellular dynamic multicolor imaging of cancer-cell trafficking in live mice with a variable-magnification whole-mouse imaging system. Cancer Res 66:4208–4214

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita A, Miyasaka M, Trnka Z (1985) Early post- thymic T cells: studies on lymphocytes in the lymph coming from thymus of the sheep. In: Morris B, Miyasaka M (eds) Immunology of the sheep. Editions Roche, Basel, p 162

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson RA, Come C, Savagner P, Gitelman I, Richardson A, Weinberg RA (2004) Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 117:927–939

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeatman TJ, Nicolson GL (1993) Molecular basis of tumor progression: mechanisms of organ-specific tumor metastasis. Semin Surg Oncol 9:256–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You MS, Rouggly LC, You M, Wang Y (2013) Mouse models of lung squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32:77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Chang HC, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Hsiao TJ, Lee PH, Chen CJ (2000) Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1159–1164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Sasaki H, Lowe L, Hogan BLM, Kuehn MR (1993) Nodal is a novel TGF-beta-like gene expressed in the mouse node during gastrulation. Nature 361:543–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnik A, Yoshie O (2000) Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12:121–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbial Cell Biology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Gaspar Banfalvi

Authors
  1. Gaspar Banfalvi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Banfalvi, G. (2014). Metastasis. In: Homeostasis - Tumor - Metastasis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7335-6_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation