Skip to main content

Electrodiagnosis by luminance and pattern stimulation

  • Chapter
Evoked Potential Manual

Abstract

Stimulation in order to obtain VEPs has been performed in many different ways. The responses to the different stimuli usually are analysed in terms of their temporal components and their spatial distribution. We shall discuss both descriptions of responses in a more or less extensive manner, covering both research data and those that are currently in use in clinical routine. When we come to present some pathological conditions in a later part of this chapter it will become clear which of the vast set of possible stimuli preferably should be used in a certain pathological condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allison T, Goff T, Wood CC. Auditory, somatosensory and visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of neuropathology: recording considerations and normative data. In: Lehman D, Calloway E (eds) Human evoked potentials: Applications and problems. Plenum Press NY 1978; pp 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apkarian P, Nakayama K, Tyler CW. Binocularity in the human visual evoked potentials: facilitation, summation and repression. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 51: 496–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apkarian P, Spekreijse H. The VEP and misrouted pathways in human albinism. In: Cracco RQ, Bodis-Wollner I (eds) Alan R Liss NY 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apkarian P, Spekreijse H, van Dorp D. A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 55: 513–531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arden GB, Bodis Wollner I, Halliday AM, Jeffreys DA, Kulikowsky JJ, Spekreijse H, Regan D. Methodology of patterned visual stimulation (report of the Brussels Symposium ad-hoc Committee) In: Visual evoked potentials in man: new developments. Ed. JE Desmedt Clarendon Press Oxford 1977; p 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arden GB, Faulkner DJ, Mair CR. A versatile television pattern generator for visual evoked potentials. In Desmedt Clarendon Press Oxford; pp 90–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armington JC. Visual cortical potentials and electroretinograms triggered by saccadic eyemovements. In: JE Desmedt (ed) Visual evoked potentials in man: new developments. Clarendon Press Oxford 1977; pp 286–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barret G, Blumhardt LD, Halliday AM, Halliday E, Kriss A. A paradox in the lateralization of the visual evoked response. Nature, London 1976; 261: 253–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumhardt LD, Barret G, Halliday AM, Kriss A. The effect of experimental ‘scotomata’ on the ipsilateral and contralateral responses to pattern reversal in one half-field. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1978; 45: 376–392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodis-Wollner I. Visual association cortex and vision in man: pattern reversal occipital potentials in a blind boy. Science 1977; 198: 629–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodis-Wollner I. Binocular stimulation reveals cortical components of the human visual evoked potentials. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 52: 284–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornschein H. Der Einfluss von Adaptionszustand und Reitzintensitat auf die Komponenten des menschlichen Elektroretinogramms Z Biol 1953; 105: 454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cant BR, Hume LN, Shaw NA. Effects of luminance on the pattern visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1978; 45: 496–504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia GG, Daily RF. Effects of aging on visual evoked responses. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 403–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabot RJ, John RE. Event related potentials. In: FH Lopes da Silva, W Storm van Leeuwen, A Remond (eds) Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986; pp 261–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chain F, Lesevre N, Pinel JF, Leblanc M. Spatio-temporal study of visual evoked potentials in patients with homonymous hemianopia. In: J Courjon, F Mauguiere, F Revol M. Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press NY 1982; pp 61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang TR, Hung TP. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in normal subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis. J Formosan Med Assoc 1982; 81: 1492–1500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciganek L. Die elektroencephalographische lichtreizantwort der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Slovenskej Akademic Vied Bratislava 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt OD, Kuhnt U. Electrophysiology and topographical distribution of visual evoked potentials in animals. In: R Jung (ed) Handbook of Sensory Physiology VII/3. Springer verlag, Berlin 1973; pp 595–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crews SJ, Thompson CRS, Harding GFA. The ERG and VEP in patients with severe eye in jury. Doc Ophthal Proc Ser 1978; 15: 203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener HC, Koch W, Dichgans HC. The significance of luminance on visual evoked potentials in diagnosis of MS Arch Psych Neurol Sci 1982; 231: 149–154.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling JE. The Retina. An approachable part of the brain. The Belkamp Press, London 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drasdo N. The neural representation of visual space. Nature, London 1977; 260: 544–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drasdo N. Cortical potentials evoked by pattern presentation in ht foveal region. In: C Barber (ed) Evoked Potentials. UPP Baltimore: 1980; pp 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duwaer AL, Spekreijse H. Latency of luminance and contrast evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis patient. Electroenc clin Neurophysiol 1978; 45: 244–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez O, Spekreijse H. A spectral compensation method for determining the flicker characteristics of the human colour mechanisms. Vision Res 1974; 14: 823–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez O, Spekreijse H, van Dalen JTW, Verduyn Lunel HFE. The OSCAR colour vision test: Theory and evaluation (Objective Screening of Colour Anomalies and Reductions) Am J Opt Phys Opt 1983; 60: 892–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunduz K, Arden GB, Perry S. Colour contrast sensitivity in laser operator’s eyes. ISCEV 1988 in press 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday AM. Evoked potentials in clinical testing. Churchill Livingstone Edinborough 1982. Halliday AM, Barret G, Carroll WM, Kriss A. Problems in defining the normal limits of the visual evoked potentials. In: J Courjon, F Mauguiere and M Revol (eds) Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press NY 1982; pp 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding GFA, Crews SJ. The visual evoked potential in heredetary optic atrophy. In: J Courjon, F Mauguiere and M Revol (eds) Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press NY 1982; pp 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding GFA, Rubinstein MP. The scalp topography of the human subcortical potential. Inv Ophthal Vis Sci 1980; 19: 318–321.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding GFA, Smith GF, Smith PA. The effect of various stimulus parameters on the lateralization of the VEP. In: C. Barber (ed) Evoked Potentials. UPP Baltimore 1980; pp 213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heijde van der GL, van den Akker IJ, Augustijn CH. Comparison of RED on TV pattern stimulation. Doc Ophthal Proc Ser 1982; 31: 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder GE. Abnormalities of the pattern VEP in patients with homonymous visual field defects. In: Barber C (ed) Evoked potentials. UPP Baltimore 1980; pp 285–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes G. The organization of the visual cortex in man. The Ferrier Lecture. Proc Roy Soc B 1945; 132: 348–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayle GE, Boyer RL, Saracco JB. L’Electroretinographie. Bases physiologiques et donnees cliniques. Masson & Cie, Editeurs Paris, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys DA. The nature of pattern VEPs. In: Barber C (ed) Evoked Potentials. UPP Baltimore 1980; pp 149–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys DA, Axford JG. Source location of pattern specific components of human visual evoked potentials. I: Components of striate origin. Exp Brain Res 1972a; 16: 1–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys DA, Axford JG. Source location of pattern specific components of human visual evoked potentials. II: Component of extrastriate origin. Exp Brain Res 16: 22–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh RN, Darcey TM, Fender DM. The dimensionality of the human visual evoked potential EEG clin Neurophysiology 1976; 40: 633–644.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriss A, Carroll WM, Blumhardt LD, Halliday AM. Pattern- and flash-evoked evoked potential changes in toxic (nutritional) optic neuropathy. In: Courjon J, Mauguiere F, Revol M (Eds) Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press NY 1982; pp 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriss A, Spekreijse H, Verduyn Lunel HFE, Braamhaar I, de Waal BJ, Barrett G. A comparison of pattern onset, offset and reversal responses: effects of age, gender and checksize. In: Nodar RH, Barber C (Eds) Evoked Potentials II. Butterworth 1984; pp 553–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman D, Darcey TM, Skrandies W. Intracerebral and scalp fields evoked by hemiretinal checkerboard reversal, and modeling of their dipole generators. In: Courjon J, Mauguiere F, Revol M (Eds) Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press NY 1982; pp 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann D, Julesz B. Lateralized cortical potentials evoked in humans by dynamic random-dot stereograms. Vision Res 1987; 18: 1265–1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennerstrand G. Binocular interaction studied with visual evoked responses (VER in humans with normal and impaired binocular vision. Acta Ophthal 1978; 56: 628–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesevre N, Joseph JP. Modifications of the pattern evoked potential in relation to the stimulated part of the visual field (clues for the most probable origin of each component). Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1979; 47: 183–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesevre N, Joseph JP. Hypothesis concerning the most probable sites of origin of the various components of the pattern EP. In: Barber C (ed) Evoked Potentials. UPP Baltimore 1980; pp 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis EG, Dustman RE, Bein EC. Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1978; 44: 223–231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lith van GH, van Marie GW, Dok-Mak GIM. Variations in latency times of visually evoked cortical potentials. Brit J Ophthal 1978; 62: 220–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier J, Dagnelie G, Spekreijse H, Van Dijk BW. Principal components analysis for source localisation of vises in man. Vision Res 1987; 27: 165–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmor M, Arden GB, Nilsson SE, Zrenner E. Standard for Clinical Electroretinography. Arch Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 816–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonalds WC. Pathophysiology of conduction in central nerve fibres. In: Visual evoked potentials in man: new developments. Desmedt JE (ed), Clarendon Press Oxford 1977; pp 427–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • McInnes A. The visual evoked responses to a red and white checkerboard pattern with suspected multiple sclerosis. Electorenc Clin Neurophysiol 1977; 43: 286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton L, Franck H. Apport des potentiels évoques visuels dans le diagnostique de la sclerose en plaques. Rev Otoneuroophthal 1981; 53: 5–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner BA, Regan D, Heron JR. Differential diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis by visual evoked potential recording. Brain 1974; 97: 755–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd and van Huijzen J. The human central nervous system. Springer Verlag Berlin 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nillson BY. Visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis: comparison of two methods for pattern reversal. J Neurol Psychiatry 1978; 41: 499–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odom JV, Chao GM. Dynamic stereoacuity. A comparison of electrophysiological and psychophysical measures. Inv Ophth Visual Sci 1987; 27: ARVO suppl 104.

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossenblok P, Spekreijse H. The extrastriate generators of the pattern onset EP: A source localization approach. (Submitted) 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owsley C, Sekuler R, Siemsen D. Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood. Vision Res 1983; 23: 689–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penne A, Fonda S. Influence of pupillary size on p100 latency time of pattern reversal VEP. Doc Ophthal Proc Ser 1981; 27: 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purves SJ, Low MD. Visual evoked potentials to a reversing pattern light emitting diode stimulator in normal subjects and patients with demyelinating disease. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1976;41:651–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan D, Milner BA, Heron JR. Delayed visual perception and delayed visual evoked potentials in the spinal form of multiple sclerosis and in retrobulbar neuritis, Brain 1976; 99: 43–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regan D, Spekreijse H. Electrophysiological correlate of binocular depth perception in man. Nature 1970; 225: 92–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reits D. Cortical potentials in man evoked by noise modulated light. Thesis (Univ. of Utrecht) 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remond. Evoked brain potentials as indicators of sensory information processing. Neurosci Res Prog Bull 1969; 7: 240–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riemslag FCC, van der Heijde GL, van Dongen MMMM. Are eye movement evoked potentials different from pattern reversal evoked potentials? Doc Ophthalm 1987; 66: 279–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riemslag FCC, Spekreijse H, van Walbeek H. Pattern reversal and appearance-disappearance responses in MS patients. Doc Ophthal 1981; 27: 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riemslag FCC, Spekreijse H, van Walbeek H. Pattern evoked potential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a comparison of various contrast stimuli. In: Courjon J, Mauguiere F, Revol M (eds), Advances in Neurology 32. Raven Press Ny 1982; pp 417–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein MP, Harding GFA. The visually evoked subcortical potential: Is it related to the electroretinogram? Inv Ophthalm Vis Sci 1981; pp 20: 335–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw NA, Cant BR. Age dependent changes in the latency of the pattern visual evoked potential. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 48: 237–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol S, Moskowitz A. Effect of retinal blur on the peak latency of the pattern evoked potential. Vision res 1981; 21: 1279–1286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol S, Domar A, Moskowitz A, Schwarz B. Pattern evoked potential latency and contrast sensitivity in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Doc Ophthal Proc Ser 1981; pp 27: 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H. Analysis of EEG responses to diffuse and to patterned light in human. Thesis Junk DW, The Hague, The Netherlands 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H. Pattern evoked potentials: principles, methodology and phenomenology. In: Barber C (Ed), Evoked potentials. UPP Baltimore 1980; pp 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H. Comparison of acuity tests and pattern evoked potential criteria: two mechanisms underly acuity maturation in man. Behav Brain Res 1983; 10: 107–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, Dagnelie G, Maier J, Regan D. Flicker and movement constituents of the pattern reversal response. Vision Res 1985; 25: 1297–1304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, Duwaer AL, Posthumus Meyjes FE. Contrast evoked potentials and psychophysics in multiple sclerosis patients. In: Human evoked potentials. Lehmann D, Callaway E (eds), Plenum Press NY 1979; 363–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, Estevez O, Reits D. Visual evoked potentials and the physiological analysis of visual processes in man. In: Desmedt 1977; pp 16–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, Khoe LH, van der Tweel LH. A case of amblyopia; electrophysiology and psychophysics of luminance and contrast. The visual system. Arden GB (Ed), Plenum Press NY 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, Reits D. Sequential analysis of the visual evoked potential system in man: nonlinear analysis of a sandwich system. In: I. Bodis-Wollner (ed), Evoked potentials. Ann Acad Sci NY 1982; pp 388.

    Google Scholar 

  • 98–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spekreijse H, van der Tweel LH, Zuidema T. Contrast evoked responses in man. Vision Res 1973; 13: 1577–1601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srebro R. Visually evoked response — binocular facilitation and failure when binocular vision is disturbed. Arch Ophthal 1978; 96: 836–838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiles WS. The directional sensitivity of the retina and the spectral sensitivity of rods and cones. Proc R Soc B 1939; 127: 64–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockard JJ, Hughes JF, Sharbrough IW. Visually evoked potentials to electronic pattern reversal: Latency variations with gender, age and technical factors. Am J EEG Technol 1979; 19: 171–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teschan P. EEG and other neurophysiological abnormalities in uremia. Kidney Intern Nephrol 1975; 210–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Tweel LH. Pattern evoked potentials. Facts and considerations. Proc 16th ISCEV symposium 1979; pp 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Tweel LH, Estevez O, Cavonius CR. Invariance of the contrast evoked potential with changes in retinal illuminance, vision res 1979; 19: 1283–1287.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Tweel LH, Spekreijse H. Psychophysics and electrophysiology of a rod-achromat. Doc Ophthalm 1973; 2: 163–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan HG, Katzman R, Taylor J. Alterations of visual evoked responses in the presence of homonymous field defects. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 1963; 15: 737–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vos JJ. Disability glare — a state of the art report. CIE-journal 1984; 3: 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries H. The fundamental reponse curves of normal and abnormal dichromatic and trichromatic eyes. Physica 1948; 14: 367–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal BJ, Reits D, Spekreijse H, Grimbergen CA. Implementation of a portable pattern stimulator and VEP/ERG recording system based on an Apple microcomputer. Doc Ophthal Proc Series, 1983; 37 209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald LG. The receptors of human colour vision. Science NY 1964; 145: 1007–1016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walls GL. The vertebrate eye. Hafner publishing company NY 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanger P. Visual evoked responses to pattern reversal in patients with amblyopia and/or defective binocular function. Act Ophthal 1978; 56: 617–627.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White CT, Kataoka RW, Martin JI. Colour evoked potentials: developments of a methodology for the analysis of the processes involved in colour vision. In: Desmedt JE (ed), Visual evoked potentials in man: new developments. Clarendon Press Oxford 1977; pp 250–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildberger HGM, van Lith GHM, Wijngaarde R, Dok-Mak GTM. Visually evoked cortical potentials in the evaluation of homonymous and bitemporal visual field defects. J Br Ophthalm 1976; 60: 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CC. Application of dipole localisation methods to source identification of human evoked potentials. In: I Bodis-Wollner (ed), Evoked potentials. Ann Acad Sci NY 1982; 388: 139–155.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publisher

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Riemslag, F.C.C., Spekreijse, H. (1990). Electrodiagnosis by luminance and pattern stimulation. In: Colon, E.J., Visser, S.L. (eds) Evoked Potential Manual. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2059-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2059-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7424-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2059-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics