Abstract
Western governments’ science policies do not generally encompass the total national educational policy. The extent to which universities will allow themselves to be guided by governmental concerns in formulating their admissions policies varies greatly in the West. Government policies on the one hand depend on the relations between universities and the state, and on the other hand on the relations between individuals and the state. Even when serious national needs are identified, government policies tend to take the form of encouraging societal and market forces in education, rather than directing activity from above. In socialist societies, where the state monopoly over education precludes alternatives and education is regarded as an instrument of social policy, the relationship of the education system to science policy becomes more complex.
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Notes
Harley D. Balzer, “Education, science, and technology” in James Cracraft (ed.), The Soviet Union Today: An Interpretive Guide. Chicago: The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1983, pp. 233–243.
For recent discussions of this theme see the essays in Thomas L. Haskell (ed.), The Authority of Experts. Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press, 1984.
Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv (Central State Historical Archive), fond 25 opis 5 delo 3 list 67.
Robert Lewis, Science and Industrialization in the Soviet Union. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979
Loren Graham, The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party. Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1967
L. V. Ivanova, Formiro-vanie sovetskoi nauchnoi intelligentsii (1917–1927 gg.). Moscow: Nauka, 1980
E. A. Beliaev, KPSS i organizatsiia nauki v SSSR. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1982.
Ivanova, op. cit., 1980. Note 4. And the works of S. A. Fediukin, most recently Partiia i intelligentsiia. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1983.
Basic sources on the rabfaks are Ivanova, op. cit., 1980. Note 4
N. M. Katuntseva, Rol’ rabochikh fakul’tetov v formirovanii intelligentsii SSSR. Moscow: Nauka, 1966
N. M. Katuntseva Opyt SSSR po podgotovke intelligentsii iz rabochikh i krest’ian. Moscow: Mysl’, 1977
Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1970
Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921–1934. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1979
James C. McClelland, “Bolshevik approaches to higher education”, Slavic Review 3, 4, December 1971, 818–831
James C. McClelland “Proletarianizing the student body: The Soviet experience during the new economic policy”, Past and Present No. 80, August 1978, 122–146.
For the first years of rabfak development see Katuntseva, op. cit., 1966, Note 6; McClelland, op. cit., 1971, Note 6.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., 1979, 49.
N. K. Krupskaia, Pedagogicheskie sochineniia. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1957–1963. Vol. II. p. 312.
The most complete account is V. I. Bessonova, “Sozdanie i razvitie rabochikh fakul’tetov v 1919–1921 gg.” in Iz istorii velikoi oktiabrskoi sotsialisticheskoi revolutsii. Moscow: Izd. MGV, 1957. pp. 148–180, here pp. 153–155.
Fediukin, op. cit., Note 5.116; Katuntseva, op. cit., Note 6.
McClelland disagrees, op. cit., 1971. Note 6. But cf. A. P. Kupaigorodskaia, Vysshaia shkola Leningrada v pervye gody sovetskoi vlasti (1917–1925). Leningrad: Nauka, 1984.
A. V. Krasnikova, “Iz istorii stroitel’stva sovetskoi vysshei shkoly (35-letie dekreta ‘O rabochikh fakul’tetakh’)”, Vestnik vysshei shkoly 13, 12 December 1955, 55–60, here p. 55.
McCelland, op. cit., 1978, Note 6. Sheila Fitzpatrick, “The ‘soft’ line on culture and its enemies: Soviet cultural policy, 1922–1927,” Slavic Review 33, 1974, 267–287.
Kupaigorodskaia, op. cit., 1984, Note 12, 144–145.
See I. Khodorovskii, “K proverki sostava uchashchikhsia”, Krasnaia molodezh’, No. 1, 1924, 112–116.
And L. Milkh, “Itogi priema v vuzy v 1926 i problema ikh obrabocheniia”, Kommunisticheskaia revoliutsiia, No. 8, 1927, 44–49.
McCelland, op. cit., 1971, Note 6.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., 1979, Note 6, p. 110.
Ibid.
Kupaigorodskaia, op. cit., 1984, Note 12, p. 128.
V. S. Emel’ianov, cited in Fediukin, op. cit. 1983, Note 4, pp. 120–121.
Ivanova, op. cit., 1980, Note 4, p. 255.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., 1979, Note 6, p. 188.
For statistics on Rabfaks in the 1930s, see Katuntseva, op. cit., Note 6.
Katuntseva, Op. cit., 1966, Note 6, pp. 179–191.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., 1979, Note 6. Note McClelland’s claim of major success.
Fitzpatrick, op. cit., 1979, Note 6.
Fediukin, op. cit., 1983, Note 4. Kendall E. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
Bailes, op. cit., 1978, Note 26.
Mark B. Adams, “The Kol’tsov Institute”, in Linda L. Lubrano and Susan Gross Solomon (eds.), The Social Context of Soviet Science. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980.
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Balzer, H.D. (1987). Workers’ Faculties and the Development of Science Cadres in the First Decade of Soviet Power. In: Blume, S., Bunders, J., Leydesdorff, L., Whitley, R. (eds) The Social Direction of the Public Sciences. Sociology of the Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3755-0_8
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