Abstract
Construed broadly, ‘sciences’ could be the rubric for almost the entire literature on Spinoza. Beginning at the border between physics and metaphysics, epistemology claims all the territory ever covered by the Greek ‘episteme’, and both psychology and political science fall in line. But a bibliography resulting from such a broad construal would be little more (and probably much less) than an amalgamation of such standard sources as Oko and Wetlesen. Within the wide compass of the philosophy and history of science, I have focused on issues in physics, chemistry and biology; adding such social-scientific works as selfconsciously attempt to be or to comment on the less social and more scientific; and adding finally what we have come to call ‘applied sciences’ such as medicine. Annotations are based on the cited articles and books themselves or the authors’ abstracts; occasionally, these are supplemented by reviews and descriptive passages from others’ works. (Lachterman, Wartofsky, and the anonymous chronicler(s) of the Association des Amis de Spinoza were particularly helpful in pointing to scientific aspects of articles that might otherwise have been overlooked.)
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References
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Clay, J.: 1933, ‘Physik und Metaphysik’, in Septimana Spinozana, Nijhoff, The Hague. Looks to Spinoza’s metaphysics for logical possibilities confined by physics to the sphere of realities that can be perceived.
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Cremaschi, S.: 1981, ‘Concepts of Force in Spinoza’s Psychology’, in Theoria cum Praxi; Zum Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, Studia Leibnitiana Supplementa 20, Akten der III Internationalen Leibnizkongresses, Hannover, pp. 138–144. Discusses potentia, conatus, vis.
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Daudin, H.: 1948, ‘Spinoza et la science expérimentale: sa discussion de l’expérience de Boyle’, in Revue d’Histoire des Sciences et de leurs Applications 12, Ann. Tom. II, Paris.
De Vet, J. J. V. M.: 1983, ‘Was Spinoza De Auteur Van “Stelkonstige Reeckening Van Den Regenboog” En Van “Reeckening Van Kanssen’“[Was Spinoza Author of ‘Algebraic Computation of the Rainbow’ and of ‘Calculation of Probabilities’], Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 45, 602–639. Argues that Spinoza wrote neither treatise.
Deleuze, Gilles: 1968, Spinoza et le problème de l’expression, Éditions de Minuit, Paris, Arguments 37.
Deleuze, Gilles: 1983, Spinoza, philosophie pratique, Éditions de Minuit, Paris. Discusses the geometrical method and its relation to optics.
Deregibus, Arturo: 1981, Bruno e Spinoza. La realtà dell’infinito e il problema della sua unità, 2 Vols., Giappichelli editore, Torino. Lengthy discussion of Spinoza’s work as marked by the mathematics of seventeenth century science.
Donagan, Alan: 1973, ‘Spinoza’s Proof of Immortality’, in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza; A Collection of Critical Essays, Doubleday, Garden City, pp. 25–59. Discusses the notions of time, duration, eternity.
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Duchesneau, Francois: 1974, ‘Du modèle cartésien au modèle spinoziste de l’être vivant’, Canadian Journal of Philosophy 3, 539–562. Examines Cartesian mechanistic models in the hypothetical explanation of physiological functions, the theory of organism, and Spinoza’s critique of the instrumental analogy underlying the automaton model.
Edgar, William J.: 1976, ‘Continuity and the Individuation of Modes in Spinoza’s Physics’, in James B. Wilbur (ed.), Spinoza’s Metaphysics; Essays in Critical Appreciation, Van Gorcum, pp. 85–105.
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Espagnat, B. d’: 1982, ‘Spinoza et la physique contemporaine’, Colloque Spinoza, Cerisy-La-Salle.
Foti, Véronique M.: 1982, ‘Thought, Affect, Drive and Pathogenesis in Spinoza and Freud’, History of European Ideas 3, 221–236. Explores the basis for linking Spinoza’s psychology with psychoanalysis, finding that basis to be rather narrow.
Foucher de Careil, L. A.: 1862, Leibniz, Descartes et Spinoza, Librairie Philosophique de Ladrange, Paris.
Funkenstein, Arnos: 1976, ‘Natural Science and Social Theory: Hobbes, Spinoza and Vico’, in G. Tagliacozzo and D. P. Verene (eds.), Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity, Baltimore, pp. 187–212.
Giorgiantonio, Michele: 1954, ‘Intorno ad un tentativo di ricostruzione della mecanica e della fisica di Spinoza’, Spinoza 22, 326–330.
Groen, J. J.: 1972, Ethica en Ethologie: Spinoza’s leer der affecten en de moderne psychobiologie [Ethics and Ethology: Spinoza’s Theory of the Affects and Modern Psychobiology], Mededelingen Vanwege het Spinozahuis 29, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Gueroult, Martial: 1966, ‘La lettre de Spinoza sur l’infini’, Revue de métaphysique et de morale 71, 385–411. Included as Appendix 9 in Martial Gueroult, Spinoza, Vol. 1: Dieu, Éditions Montaigne, Paris, 1968. Transi, by Kathleen McLaughlin (‘Spinoza’s Letter on the Infinite’), and reprinted in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza, A Collection of Critical Essays, Doubleday, Garden City, 1973. On Letter XII to Louis Meyer.
Gueroult, Martial: 1974, Spinoza, Vol. 2: L’âme, Éditions Montaigne, Paris. An analysis of Spinoza’s physics and theory of cognition.
Hall, A. Rupert, and Marie Boas Hall: 1964, ‘Philosophy and Natural Philosophy: Boyle and Spinoza’, in Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, Histoire de la pensée 13, Vol. 2: L’aventure de l’esprit, pp. 241–256.
Hall, A. Rupert, and Marie Boas Hall: 1978, ‘Le monde scientifique à l’époque de Spinoza’, Revue de Synthèse 99, 19–30.
Hallett, Harold Foster: 1930, Aeternitas: A Spinozistic Study, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hallett, Harold Foster: 1949, ‘On a Reputed Equivoque in the Philosphy of Spinoza’, Review of Metaphysics 3, 189–212.
Reprinted in S. Paul Kashap (ed.), Studies in Spinoza; Critical and Interpretive Essays, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1972, pp. 168–188. Uses physiological and physical arguments to explore whether Spinoza employs the term ‘idea’ equivocally (as the mental correlate of the body’s state, and as the objective essence of a thing extrinsic to that body).
Hallett, Harold Foster: 1957, Benedict de Spinoza, Athlone Press, London.
Hampshire, Stuart: 1961, Spinoza, Barnes and Noble, New York. Includes observations on the biological aspect of Spinoza’s metaphysics with special reference to modern developments in physical and biological science.
Hardin, C. L.: 1978, ‘Spinoza on Immortality and Time’, in Robert W. Shahan and J. I. Biro (eds.), Spinoza: New Perspectives, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 129–138. Argues, contra Donagan and Kneale, for Spinoza’s expression of the relation between eternity and duration, attributing to Spinoza a theory of time wherein temporal passage is a sensory, and therefore confused, representation of the causal order.
Hassing, R. F.: 1980, ‘The Use and Non-use of Physics in Spinoza’s Ethics”, Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 11, 41–70.Concentrates on Ethics II and selected letters, concluding that Spinoza’s concept of conatus is not derived from physics.
Hedman, Carl: 1975, ‘Toward a Spinozistic Modification of Skinner’s Theory of Man’, Inquiry 18, 325–335. Uses Spinoza’s notion of conatus to modify the Skinnerian position without giving up the “‘scientific’ approach to human behavior”.
Hicks, G. Dawes: 1918, ‘The “Modes” of Spinoza and the “Monads” of Leibniz’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 18, 329–362.
(Hitchcock, Major General) United States Army: 1846, The Doctrines of Spinoza and Swedenborg Identified; in so far as They Claim a Scientific Ground’, in Four Letters, Boston, pp. 187–192. Published anonymously.
Hubbeling, H. G.: 1978, Spinoza, Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg. Maintains that Spinoza adopts Cartesian physics (see especially pp. 65–70).
Jacob, Pierre: 1974, ‘La politique avec la physique à l’âge classique; Principe d’inertie et conatus: Descartes, Hobbes et Spinoza’, Dialectiques 6, 99–121.
Joachim, Harold Henry: 1940, Spinoza’s Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Jonas, Hans: 1965, ‘Spinoza and the Theory of Organism’, Journal of the History of Philosophy 3, 43–58.
Reprinted in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza; A Collection of Critical Essays, Doubleday, Garden City, 1973, pp. 259–278. Describes the advance in the account of organic existence (beyond Cartsian dualism and mechanism) made possible by Spinoza’s metaphysics.
Jonas, Hans: 1980, ‘Parallelism and complementarity: On the Psycho-Physical Problem in the Succession of Niels Bohr’, in Richard Kennington (ed.), The Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 7, Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C., pp. 121–130. Article in the present volume is a corrected reprint of this.
Kaplan, A.: 1978, ‘Spinoza and Freud’, (in Hebrew) in Z. Lavi et al. (eds.), Spinoza Studies, Three Hundred Years in Memoriam, The University of Haifa Press, Haifa, pp. 85–110.
Kayser, Rudolph: 1946, Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero, transl, by Amy Allen and Maxim Newmark, Philosophical Library, New York. Reprinted by Greenwood, New York, 1968. Introduction by Albert Einstein.
Kegley, Jacquelyn Ann K.: 1975, ‘Spinoza’s God and LaPlace’s World Formula’, in Akten Des II Internationalen Leibnizkongresses, Vol. 3, Steiner, Wiesbaden, pp. 25–35. Describes Spinoza’s God as ‘an incorporated world formula’ including determinism, objective unity of law yielding scientific explanation, and rejection of teleology; identifies LaPlace’s formula and Spinoza’s ‘ideal Metaphysic’ as containing the dominant scientific and philosophic ideas of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Klever, W. N. A.: 1982, ‘Spinoza’s Methodebegrip’ [Spinoza’s Concept of Method], Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 74, 28–49. Compares Spinoza’s epistemology (“knowledge is acquired in an autonomous movement”) to the contemporary methodology in science. Subsequent issues of the same volume carry an objection of Hein Bobeldijk and a reply from Klever.
Kneale, Martha: 1968–69, ‘Eternity and Sempiternity’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 69, 223–238.
Reprinted in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza; A Collection of Critical Essays, Doubleday, Garden City, 1973, pp. 227–240. Discusses the question whether an eternal object can or must be sempiternal as well, and suggests that Spinoza changed his mind on the issue.
Kneale, Martha: 1972, ‘Leibniz and Spinoza on Activity’, in H. G. Frankfort (ed.), Leibniz; A Collection of Critical Essays, Garden City, pp. 215–237.
Kouznetsov, Boris: 1967, ‘Spinoza et Einstein’, Revue de synthèse 88, 45–46, 3è série, 31–52.
Lachterman, David R.: 1978, ‘The Physics of Spinoza’s Ethics’, in Robert W. Shahan and J. I. Biro (eds.), Spinoza: New Perspectives, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 71–112. Offers an explication of Spinoza’s physical conceptions (e.g., motion and rest, extension) in providing a foundation for his ethics, and looks beyond such conceptions for the models by which they are governed.
Lecrivain, André: 1977–78, ‘Spinoza et la physique cartésienne’, Cahiers Spinoza, Éditions Réplique, Paris, 1, pp. 235–265
2, pp. 93–206. Forms the basis for Lecrivain’s article in the present volume which is a condensed redevelopment and extension of the former.
Lewis, Douglas: 1976, ‘Spinoza on Extension’, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 1, 26–31.
McKeon, Richard: 1928, The Philosophy of Spinoza; The Unity of His Thought, Longmans, Green and Co., New York. Describes Spinoza’s lively interest in experimental science and his epistemology. See especially pp. 130–157.
McKeon, Richard: 1965, ‘Spinoza on the Rainbow and on Probability’, in Harry A. Wolf son Jubilee Volume, 3 vols., American Academy for Jewish Research, Saul Lieberman, Jerusalem, pp. 533–559.
Matheron, A.: 1969, Individu et communauté chez Spinoza, Éditions de Minuit, Paris. A thorough analysis of Spinoza’s concept of a physical system.
Meerloo, Joost A. M.: 1965, ‘Spinoza: A Look at His Psychological Concepts’, American Journal of Psychiatry 121, 890–894.
Meerloo, Joost A. M.: 1976, ‘Intuition as a Cluster of Cognitive Functions’, Methodology and Science 9.
Mollenhauer, Bernhard: 1941, ‘Spinoza and the Borderland of Science’, Personalist 22, 64–72.
Nails, Debra: 1979, ‘Conatus versus Eros/Thanatos; On the Principles of Spinoza and Freud’, Dialogue 21, 33–40. Looks at descriptions of physical, biological, and psychological phenomena to establish that Spinoza’s conatus does the work of both eros and thanatos.
Nesher, Dan: 1978, ‘Methodological Changes in Spinoza’s Concept of Science: The Transition from “On the Improvement of the Human Understanding” to Ethics’, (in Hebrew) in Z. Lavi et al. (eds.), Spinoza Studies, Three Hundred Years in Memoriam, The University of Haifa Press, Haifa, pp. 53–64.
Nesher, Dan: 1979, ‘On the “Common Notions” in Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge and Philosophy of Science’, in M. Brinker, M. Dascal, and Dan Nesher (eds.), Baruch de Spinoza, A Collection of Papers on His Thought, University Publishing Projects, Ltd., Tel Aviv, pp. 35–52.
Parkinson, G. H. R.: 1954, Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge, Clarendon Press, Oxford. See especially pp. 12–14 and 157–162.
Pollock, Frederick: 1873, ‘The Scientific Character of Spinoza’s Philosophy’, The Fortnightly Review 19 (N.S. 13), 567–585.
Pollock, Frederick: 1878, ‘Benedict de Spinoza’, Popular Science Monthly, supp. 11, 444–458.
Ramirez, E. Roy: 1981, ‘Spinoza, en torno al movimiento’, Revista de filosofia 19, Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 45–48. Includes Spinoza’s concept of conservation of motion in the historical and intellectual context that led to Newton’s first law of motion.
Rensch, Bernhard: 1972, ‘Spinoza’s Identity Theory and Modern Biophilosophy’, Philosophical Forum 3, 193–207. Uses selected scientific results of modern biology and physics to assess aspects of Spinoza’s identity theory of mind and matter, and his determinism.
Rice, Lee C.: 1971, ‘Spinoza on Individuation’, Monist 55. Reprinted in Maurice Mandelbaum and Eugene Freeman (eds.), Spinoza: Essays in Interpretation, Open Court Publ. Co., LaSalle, Illinois, 1975, pp. 195–214. Examines the lemmas following Proposition XIII of Part II of the Ethics to sketch Spinoza’s view of a physical system and to determine what Spinoza meant by ‘individus’.
Ritchie, Eliza: 1902, ‘The Reality of the Finite in Spinoza’s System’, Philosophical Review, 16–29.
Rivaud, Albert: 1924–26, ‘La physique de Spinoza’, Chronicon Spinozanum 4, 24–57.
Roth, Leon: 1929, Spinoza, E. Benn, London.
Runes, Dagobert (ed.): 1951, Spinoza Dictionary, Philosophical Library, New York. Foreword by Albert Einstein.
Sachs, Mendel: 1976, ‘Maimonides, Spinoza and the Field concept in Physics’, Journal of the History of Ideas 37, 125–131.
Semerari, G.: 1978, ‘L’idea Delia Scienza in Spinoza’, Annali della Facolta di Lettere e Filosofia 21, 205–218.
Stein, Ludwig: 1890, Leibniz und Spinoza, Georg Reimer Verlag, Berlin. Includes a collection of letters by Leibniz about Spinoza and his work. See Die Spinozafreundliche Periode (1676–79), pp. 60–110.
Thijssen-Schoute, C. L.: 1954, Lodewijk Meyer en diens verhouding tot Descartes en Spinoza [Louis Meyer and his Relation to Descartes and Spinoza], Mededelingen Vanwege het Spinozahuis 11, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Usmani, M. A.: 1964, ‘Spinoza: A First Rate Scientific Rationalist’, Pakistan Philosophical Congress II, 258–262.
van Deventer, Ch. M.: 1921, Spinoza’s leer De Natura Corporum beschouwd in betrekking tot Descartes’ mechanika [Spinoza’s Doctrine De Natura Corporum Considered in Relation to Cartesian Mechanics], Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 15, 265–293. Maintains that Spinoza’s theory of bodies has a purely Cartesian character.
van der Hoeven, P.: 1973a, De Cartesiaanse Fysica in het Denken van Spinoza [Cartesian Physics in the Thought of Spinoza], Mededelingen Vanwege het Spinozahuis 30, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
van der Hoeven, P.: 1973b, ‘Over Spinoza’s Interpretatie van de Cartesiaanse Fysicaen Betekenis daarvan voor het System der Ethica’ [On Spinoza’s Interpretation of Cartesian Physics and Its Meaning for the Ethical System], Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 35, 27–86. The first part of the article is devoted to Spinoza’s critique of Cartesian physics, particularly of Descartes’s notions of an ‘instant du temps’; the second is an examination of the structural importance of Cartesian physics to Spinoza’s Ethics.
van der Hoeven, P.: 1974, ‘The Significance of Cartesian Physics for Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge’, in J. G. van der Bend (ed.), Spinoza on Knowing, Being and Freedom, Assen, pp. 114–125.
van Os, C. H.: 1946, Tijd, Maat en Getal [Time, Measure and Number], Mededelingen Vanwege het Spinozahuis 7, E. J. Brill, Leiden. On Spinoza’s letter on the infinite (Letter XII to Louis Meyer).
VanZandt, Joe D.: 1973–75, ‘On Substance’, Auslegung 1–2, 85–107. Sets out conditions for philosophie and scientific understanding along Spinozistic lines.
von Dunin Borkowski, Stanislaus, S. J.: 1933, ‘Die Physik Spinozas’, in Septimana Spinozana, Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 85–101. Maintains that Spinoza denied in his physics the conception of extension as mass, and substituted for it the control of space by the field of power; discusses corpuscles of aetherial fluid.
Vygotskii, L. S.: 1970, ‘Spinoza’s Theory of the Emotions in Light of Contemporary Psychoneurology’ (in Russian), Voprosy filosofii, No. 6, 119–130. Transl, by Edward E. Berg for Soviet Studies in Philosophy 10 (1972), 362–382. Written 1932–34 and published posthumously. Identifies Spinoza as the first thinker to establish philosophically the very possibility of a true scientific explanatory psychology of human beings and to mark out a path for its subsequent development. Various contemporaries (e.g. Lange and Kilthey) are compared with respect to descriptive versus explanatory psychologies.
Wartofsky, Marx W.: 1973, ‘Action and Passion: Spinoza’s Construction of a Scientific Psychology’, in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza; A Collection of Critical Essays, Doubleday, Garden City, pp. 329–353.
Reprinted in Marx Wartofsky, Models; Representation and the Scientific Understanding, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 48, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1979, pp. 231–254. Within the context of the relation between scientific theory and metaphysics, shows how Spinoza elaborates the physics of bodies to take into account the activities of human beings.
Wartofsky, Marx W.: 1977, ‘Nature, Number and Individuals: Motive and Method in Spinoza’s Philosophy’, Inquiry 20, 457–479.
Reprinted in Marx Wartofsky, Models; Representation and the Scientific Understanding, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 48, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1979, pp. 255–276. Concerned with individuation: the contradiction between (a) the view that substance (God and Nature) is simple, eternal, and infinite, and (b) the claim that substance contains infinite differentiation — determinate and finite modes, i.e., individuals.
Wetlesen, Jon: 1969, ‘A Reconstruction of Basic Concepts in Spinoza’s Social Psychology’, Inquiry 12, 105–132.
Wheeler, John A.: 1980, ‘Beyond the Black Hole’, in Harry Wolf (ed.), Some Strangeness in the Proportion, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Wolf, A.: 1927, ‘Spinoza’s Conception of the Attributes of Substance’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian society, N.S. 27, 177–192.
Wolff, E.: 1954, ‘Spinoza and Cantor’, Revue de Synthèse 75, 161–163.
Wolfson, Harry Austryn: 1934, The Philosophy of Spinoza, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Reprinted 1983. See especially Chapter 10, ‘Duration, Time, and Eternity’.
Wood, L.: 1926, Theories of Space and Time in Spinoza, Ithaca, N.Y.
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Nails, D. (1986). Annotated Bibliography of Spinoza and the Sciences. In: Grene, M., Nails, D. (eds) Spinoza and the Sciences. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 91. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4514-2_13
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