Summary
Cadmium is apparently accumulated, primarily in the kidney and the liver, by all human beings by the time that they reach adulthood but environmental cadmium is generally considered to have no deleterious effects. In contrast workers with industrial exposure to cadmium have long been known to develop characteristic toxic manifestations; however, there is a suggestion that cardiovascular toxicity can arise from environmental exposure. The possibility that low levels of environmental cadmium might ultimately be responsible for some or all of essential hypertension focuses attention on the present maximum tolerable limits of cadmium exposure. A major decrease (which at present does not seem to be warranted) would extend the target population from a relatively few workers in the factory to the entire population in their normal environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Friberg, L., Piscator, M., Nordberg, G.F., et al; Cadmium in the Environment, Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, Inc. 1974.
Stephens, G.A.,: Cadmium Poisoning, J. Ind. Hyg. 2:129, 1920.
Lauwerys, R.R., Buchet, J.P., Roels, H.A., Brouwers, J., and Stanescu, D.: Epidemiological Survey of Workers Exposed to Cadmium, Archives Environmental Health 28:145, 1974.
Pulido, P., Kagi, J.H.R., and Vallee, B.L.: Isolation and Some Properties of Human Metallothionein, Biochemistry 5:1768, 1966.
Kopp, S.J., Perry, H.M., Jr., Glonek, T., Erlanger, M., Perry, E.F. et al: Cardiac Physiologic-Metabolic Changes After Chronic Low-Level Heavy Metal Feeding, Am. J. Physiol. 239:H22, 1980.
Perry, H.M., Jr., Erlanger, M.W., and Perry, E.F.: Increase in the Systolic Pressure of Rats Chronically Fed Cadmium, Environmental Health Perspectives, 28:251, 1979.
Perry, H.M., Jr., Erlanger, M.W., and Perry, E.F.: Elevated Systolic Pressure Following Chronic Low-Level Cadmium Feeding, Am. J. Physiol. 232:H114, 1977.
Kannell, W.B., Gordon, T.: The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Disease, Section 26: Some Characteristics Related to the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disese and Death, 16 Year Follow-up, Bethseda, National Heart Institute, 1970.
Federal Register 39:23543, June 27, 1974.
Cole, G.M., and Bair, L.S.: “Food Poisoning” from Cadmium, U.S. Nav. Med. Bull. 43:398, 1944.
Buxton, R.St.J.: Respiratory Function in Men Casting Cadmium Alloys, II. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 13:36, 1956.
Hirst, R.N., Jr., Perry, H.M.Jr., Cruz, M.G. et al: Elevated Cadmium Concentration in Emphysematous Lungs, Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 108:30, 1973.
Piscator, M.: Proteinuria in Chronic Cadmium Poisoning, IV. Gel Filtration and Ion Exchange Chromatography of Urinary Proteins From Cadmium Workers, Arch. Environ. Health 12:345, 1966.
Bonnell, J.A., Kazantzis, G., and King, E.: A Follow-up Study of Men Exposed to Cadmium Oxide Fume, Brit. J. Ind. Med. 16:135, 1959.
Clarkson, T.W., and Kench, J.E.: Urinary Excretion of Amino Acids by Men Absorbing Heavy Metals, Biochem. J., 62:361, 1956.
Nicaud, P., Lafitte, A., and Gros, A.: Les Troubles de L’intoxication Chronique Par Le Cadmium, Arch. Mai. Prof. Med. Trav. Secur. Soc. 4:192, 1942.
Hagino, N.: Itai-Itai Disease and Vitamin D., Dig. Sci. Labour. 28:32, 1973.
Friberg, L., and Kjellstrom, T.: Unpublished data. In Friberg, L., Piscator, M., Nordberg, G., et al: Cadmium in the Environment, Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1974.
Kipling, M.D., and Waterhouse, J.A.H.: Cadmium and Prostatic Carcinoma, Lancet 1:730, 1967.
Gabbiani, G.: Action of Cadmium Chloride on Sensory Ganglia, Experientia 22:261, 1966.
Holmberg, R.E., and Ferm. V.H.: Inter-relationships of Selenium, Cadmium and Arsenic in Mammalian Terato-genesis, Arch. Environ. Health 18:873, 1969.
Gunn, S.A., Gould, T.C., and Anderson, E.A.D.: Cadmium-Induced Interstitial Cell Tumors in Rats and Mice and Their Prevention by Zinc, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31:745, 1963.
Clegg, E.J., and Carr, I.: Changes in the Blood Vessels of the Rat Testis and Epididymis Produced by Cadmium Chloride, J. Pathol. Bacteriol 94:317, 1967.
Parizek, J.: Vascular Changes at Sites of Oestrogen Biosynthesis Produced by Parenteral Injection of Cadmium Salts. The Destruction of Placenta by Cadmium Salts, J. Reprod, Fertil. 7:263, 1964.
Piscator, M.: Haemolytic Anaemia in Cadmium Poisoned Rabbits, Excerpta Med. Int. Congr. Series 62:952, 1963.
Jones, R.H., Williams, R.L., and Jones, A.M.: Effects of Heavy Metal on the Immune Response, Preliminary Findings for Cadmium in Rats, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 137:1321, 1971.
Vigliani, E.C.: The Biopathology of Cadmium, Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 30:329, 1969.
Baum, J., and Worthen, H.G.: Induction of Amyliodosis by Cadmium, Nature 213:1040, 1967.
Piscator, M.: Proteinuria in Chronic Cadmium Poisoning. II. The Applicability of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Protein Determination for the Demonstration of Cadmium Proteinuria, Arch. Environ. Health 5:325, 1962.
Axelsson, B., and Piscator, M.: Renal Damage After Prolonged Exposure to Cadmium. An Experimental Study, Arch. Environ. Health 12:360, 1966.
Nomiyama, K., Sato, C., and Yamamoto, A.: Early Signs of Cadmium Intoxication in Rabbits, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 24:625, 1973.
Vander, A.J.: Cadmium Enhancement of Proximal Tubular Sodium Reabsorbtion, Amer. J. Physiol. 203:1005, 1962.
Thind, G.S., Biery, D.N., and Bovee, K.C.: Production of Arterial Hypertension by Cadmium in the Dog, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 81:549, 1973.
Thind, G.S., Karreman, G., Stephen, K.F., et al: Vascular Reactivity and Mechanical Properties of Normal and Cadmium-Hypertensive Rabbits, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76:560, 1970.
Schroeder, H.A., Kroll, S.S., Little, J.W. et al: Hypertension in Rats From Injection of Cadmium, Arch. Environ. Health 13:788, 1966.
Perry, H.M., Jr., Erlanger, M.W., Yunice, A. et al: Hypertension and Tissue Metal Levels Following Intravenous Cadmium, Mercury and Zinc, Amer. J. Physiol. 219:755, 1970.
Perry, H.M. Jr. and Erlanger, M.: Hypertension and Tissue Metal Levels After Intraperitoneal Cadmium, Mercury and Zinc, Amer. J. Physiol. 220:808, 1971.
Perry, H.M., Jr. and Yunice, A.: Acute Pressor Effects of Intra-Arterial Cadmium and Mercuric Ions in Anesthetized Rats, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 120:805, 1965.
Fox, M.R., Fry, B.E.G.: Cadmium Toxicity Increased by Dietary Ascorbic Acid Supplements, Science 169:989, 1970.
Itokawa, Y., Abe, TO., Tabu, R. et al: Renal and Skeletal Lesions in Experimental Cadmium Poisoning, Arch. Environ. Health 23:93, 1971.
Doyle, J.J., Pfander, W.H., Grebing, S.E., et al: Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Growth, Cadmium Absorption and Cadmium Tissue Levels in Growing Lambs, J. Nutr. 104:160, 1974.
Miller, M.L., Murthy, L., and Sorenson, J.R.: Fine Structure of Connective Tissue After Ingestion of Cadmium, Arch. Path. 98:286, 1974.
Nishizumi, M.: Electron Microscopic Study of Cadmium Nephrotoxicity in the Rat, Arch. Environ. Health 24:215, 1972.
Schroeder, H.A. and Vinton, W.H.J.: Hypertension Induced in Rats by Small Doses of Cadmium, Amer. J. Physiol. 202:515, 1962.
Perry, H.M., Jr.: Review of Hypertension Induced by Chronic Ingestion of Cadmium: Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, Vol. 2, 1975, Pg. 417.
Perry, H.M., Jr., Tipton, I.H., Schroeder, H.A. et al: Variation in the Concentration of Cadmium in Human Kidney as a Function of Age and Geographic Origin, J. Chron. Dis. 14:259, 1961.
Paterson, J.R.: Studies on the Toxicity of Inhaled Cadmium. III. The Pathology of Cadmium Smoke Poisoning in Man and in Experimental Animals, J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 29:294, 1947.
Snider, G.L., Hayes, J.A., Korthy, A.L., et al: Centri-lobular Emphysema Experimentally Induced by Cadmium Chloride Aerosol, Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 108:40, 1973.
Friberg, L.: Health Hazards in the Manufacture of Alkaline Accumulators With Special Reference to Chronic Cadmium Poisoning, Acta Med. Scand. 138: (Suppl 240) 1950.
Thurlbeck, M.W., and Foley, F.D.: Experimental Pulmonary Emphysema. The Effect of Intratracheal Injection of Cadmium Chloride Solution in the Guinea Pig, Amer. J. Pathol. 42:431, 1963.
Harrison, H.E., Bunting, H., Ordway, N.K., and Albrink, W.S.: The Effects and Treatment of Inhalation of Cadmium Aerosols in the Dog, J. Indust. Hygiene and Toxicol, 29:302, 1947.
Jacobs, E.E., Jacob, M., Sanadi, D.R. et al: Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation by Cadmium Ion, J. Biol. Chem. 223:157, 1956.
Mustafa, M.G., Cross, C.E., and Tyler, W.S.: Interference of Cadmium Ion With Oxidative Metabolism of Alveolar Macrophages, Arch. Intern. Med. 127: 1050, 1971.
Tipton, I.H., and Cook, J.J.: Trace Elements in Human Tissue. II. Adult Subjects From the United States, Health Physics 9:103, 1963.
Schroeder, H.A.: Cadmium as a Factor in Hypertension, J. Chron. Dis. 18:648, 1965.
Morgan, J.M.: Tissue Cadmium Concentration in Man, Arch. Intern. Med. 123:404, 1969.
Lener, J. and Bibr, R.: Cadmium and Hypertension, Lancet 1: 970, 1971.
Ostergaard, K.: Cadmium and Hypertension, Lancet 1:677, 1977.
Perry, H.M., Jr.: A Preliminary Examination of the Renal and Hepatic Cadmium and Zinc in Normotensive and Hypertensive Men From St. Louis, Joint World Health Organization/ International Atomic Energy Agency Research Program on Trace Elements in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vienna, Austria.
Hem, J.D.: Chemistry and Occurrence of Cadmium and Zinc in Surface Water and Ground Water, Water Resources Research 8:3, 1972.
Schroeder, H.A., and Balassa, J.J.: Abnormal Trace Metals in Man: Cadmium, J. Chron. Dis. 14:236, 1961.
Perry, H.M., Jr., Erlander, M.W., and Perry, E.F.: Inhibition of Cadmium-Induced Hypertension in Rats, The Science of the Total Environment 14:153, 1980.
Beese, D.H.: Tobacco Consumption in Various Countries, Res. Paper #6, Tobacco Research Council, London, 1972.
Niosh Criteria for a Recommended Standard Occupational Exposure to Cadmium, US Dept. HEW Aug. 1976.
Tohyama, C., Shaikh, Z.A., Ellis, K.J., and Cohn, S.H.: Urinary Metallothionein as a Biological Indicator of Occupational Cadmium Exposure, Third International Cadmium Conference, Miami, 1982 180–2.
Ellis, K.J., Vartsky Italo Zani, D., Cohn, S.H. and Yasumura, S.: Cadmium: In Vivo Measurement in Smokers and Nomokers, Science 205:323, 1979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perry, H.M., Perry, E.F. (1984). Current Use of Ambient and Biological Monitoring: Reference Workplace Hazards. Inorganic Toxic Agents — Cadmium II. In: Berlin, A., Yodaiken, R.E., Henman, B.A. (eds) Assessment of Toxic Agents at the Workplace. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6762-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6762-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6764-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6762-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive