Skip to main content

Academic Careers for the 21st Century: More Options for new Faculty

  • Chapter
Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research

Part of the book series: Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research ((HATR,volume 17))

Abstract

As American colleges and universities move into the twenty-first century, their faculty members now number approximately one million (Kirshstein, Mattheson & Jing, 1997). This expansion in the numbers of faculty has been accompanied by changes in the traditional academic career to accommodate numerous and varied institutional and individual needs. Today, the majority of faculty members no longer occupy tenure-eligible positions. Twenty-eight percent of the full-time faculty members are not eligible for tenure, and 42% are part-time (Gappa, 2000). The proliferation of faculty careers and employment arrangements raises a critically important question: how do colleges and universities make and keep the academic career attractive to the most promising current and potential faculty members?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Association of State Colleges and Universities. (1999). Facing change, building the faculty of the future. Washington, DC: American Association of State Colleges and Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • AAUP/AAU Commission on Academic Tenure. (1973). Faculty tenure: A report and recommendations by the commission on academic tenure in higher education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Association of University Professors. (1990). Policy documents and reports. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A.W., Korn, W. S., Dey, E. L. (1991). The American college teacher-national norms for the 1989-1990 HERI faculty survey. University of California, Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, A. and Rice, R.E. (1998, February). Making tenure viable: listening to early career faculty. American Behavioral Scientist. 41(5): 736–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailyn, L. (1993). Breaking the mold: Women, men and time in the new corporate world. NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R. G. and Chronister, J. L. (2001). Teaching without tenure: Policies and practices for a new era. Baltimore, MD. John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, L. B., Agago, M. O. and Coombs, W. T. (1998). Effects of job-related stress on faculty intention to leave academia. Research in Higher Fducation 39(4): 457–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, A. E. (1970) “College and university faculty: A statistical description” Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Research Reports 5 (5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, Alan E. (1973) Teaching faculty in academe: 1972-73. Research Reports 8 (2). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, E. (1998). Variations in the characteristics of part-time faculty by general fields of instruction and research. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. New Directions for Higher Education. 104.45-61. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, J. (1991, May). The changing face of promotion and tenure at U.S. medical schools. Academic Medicine 66(5). 249–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R. T. (1972). Tenure: Aspects of job security on the changing campus. Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Education Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J. and Holloway, R. L. (1995, September/October). A crisis of mission: Faculty roles and rewards in an era of health care reform. Change 27(5). 30–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boice, R. (1992). The new faculty member. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, H.R. and Schuster, J.H. (1986). American professors: A national resource imperiled. NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E.L. (1989). The conditions of the professoriate: Attitudes and trends, 1989. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breneman, D.W. (1997). Alternatives to tenure for the next generation of academics. New Pathways Working Paper Series #14. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, E. and Kimball, B. (1994 fall). Two views of the academic life. Liberal Fducation. 80(4). 4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. (1989). Condition of the professoriate: Attitudes and trends, 1989. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R. P. (1994, January/February). Make us an offer: Creating incentives for faculty to forsake tenure. Trusteeship 2(1). 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R. P. (1995, Spring). The future of academic tenure. AGB Priorities 3:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R. P. (1998). Ideas in incubation: Three possible modifications to traditional tenure policies. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 9. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R.P., and Ford, A.T. (1982). Beyond traditional tenure. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R. P., and Trower, C. A. (1997). Where tenure does not reign: Colleges with contract systems. New Path-ways Project Working Paper Series # 3. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chait, R.P., and Trower, C. A.. (1998, September/October). Build it and who will come? Change 30(5). 20–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charfauros, K. H., and Tierney, W.G. (1999). Part-time faculty in colleges and universities: Trends and challenges in a turbulent environment. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education 13(2). 141–151. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chronister, J. L. and Baldwin, R.G. (1999, fall) Marginal or mainstream? Full-time faculty off the tenure track. Liberal Education 85(4). 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. R. (1987). The academic life: Small worlds, different worlds. Princeton, NJ: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B.R. (1997). Small worlds, different worlds: The uniquenesses and troubles of American academic professionals. Daedalus 126(4): 21–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damrosch, D. (1995). We scholars: Changing the culture of the university. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgerton, R. (1993, September). Upside-down thinking: An interview with Charles Handy. AAHE Bulletin 46(1). Washington, DC. The American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkel, S. K., and Olswang, S. G. (1996, winter). Child rearing as a career impediment to women assistant professors. Review of Higher Education 19(12). 123–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, M. J., Seal, R.K. and Schuster, J. H. (1998). The new academic generation: A professionintrans-formation. Baltimore, MD. John Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froom, J. D. and Bickel, J. (1996, January). Medical school policies for part-time faculty committed to full professional effort. Academic Medicine 71(1). 92–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gappa, J. M. (1996). Off the tenure track: Six models for full-time nontenurable appointments. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 10. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gappa, J. M. (2000, Spring). The new faculty majority: Somewhat satisfied but not eligible for tenure. Understanding What Contributes to job Satisfaction Among Faculty and Staff. Hagedorn, L.S. ed. New Directions for Institutional Research # 105. San Francisco, CA. Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gappa, J.M. and Leslie, D. W. (1993). The Invisible Faculty. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gappa, J. M. and Leslie, D. W. (1997). Two faculties or One? The conundrum of part-timers in a bifurcated work force. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 6. Washington, DC. American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gappa, J. M., and MacDermid, S.M. (1997). Work, family, and the faculty career. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 8. Washington, DC. American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassick, C. E., Huber, M. T., and Maeroff, G.L. (1997). Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grogono, A. (1994, Winter). Tenure the teacher; let research be its own reward. Educational Record: 75(1). 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeger, J.D. (1998, Winter). Part-time faculty, quality programs, and economic realities. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. Leslie, D.W. ed. New Directions for Higher Education, # 104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydinger, R. P. and Simsek, H. (1992). An agenda for reshaping faculty productivity. Denver, CO. State Higher Education Executive Officers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, P. C. (1998). The ethics of tenure decisions. Higher Education Review. 30(3): 23–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, M. T. (1998). Community college faculty: Attitudes and trends, 1997. Stanford, CA: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C. and Riesman, D. (1968). The academic revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsrud, L.K. and Des Jarlais, C.D. (1994). Barriers to tenure for women and minorities. Review of Higher Education 174). 335–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. F. and Sanderson, S. C. (1994, September). Tenure policies in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. Academic Medicine 69(9). 772–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W. N. and Randolph, M. A., eds.. (1994). Careers in clinical research. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, D. (1997). Academic duty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirshstein, R. J., Mattheson, N. and Jing, Z. (1997). Instructional faculty and staff in higher education institutions: Fall 1987 and fall 1992. Washington, DC. U. S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherman, C. (1999, April 9). Growth in positions off the tenure track is a trend that’s here to stay, study finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education. A 14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, D.W. (1998a, May). Part-time, adjunct, and temporary faculty: the new majonty? Report of the Sloan Conference on Part-time and Adjunct Faculty. Williamsburg, VA: The College of William and Mary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, D.W. (ed.). (1998b, Winter). The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. New Directions for Higher Education #104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. (1997). How the academic profession is changing. Daedalus 126(4): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomperis, A. M. T. (1990, November/December). Are women changing the nature of the academic profession?. Journal of Higher Education 61(6): 643–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy, F. H. and Clark, M. B. (1995, December). A promotion ladder for teachers at Harvard medical school: Experience and challenges. Academic Medicine 70(12): 1079–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magner, D. K. (2000, April 7). The right conditions may lure scholars to jobs off the tenure track, study finds. Chronicle of Higher Education p. A20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massy, W. F. and Wilger, A. K. (1992, Winter). Productivity in postsecondary education: A new approach. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 14(4): 361–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEA Higher Education Research Center. (1996, September). Full-time non-tenure track faculty. Update 2(5): 1–4. Washington, DC: National Education Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norrell, J. E. and Norrell, T. H. (1996, March). Faculty and family policies in higher education. Journal of Family Issues 17(2): 204–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, D. (1993). Work satisfaction and stress in the first and third year of academic appointment. Journal of Higher Education. 64(4): 453–71).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, D. and Near, J. P. (1994). Role conflict and faculty life satisfaction. The Review of Higher Education 17(2): 179–93).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, J.O., Van Alstyne, W.W. and Chait, R. (1979). Tenure: Three views. Washington, DC: Change Magazine Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plater, W. (1998, February). “Using tenure: citizenship within the new academic workforce. American Behavioral Scientist. 41(5): 680–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, G. (1998) Managed Professionals. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, R. E. (1996). Making a place for the new American scholar. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 1. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, R. E., Sorcinelli, M. D. and Austin, A. E. (2000). Heeding new voices: Academic careers for a new generation. New Pathways Working Paper Series # 7. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, A., Phua, V. C. and Herda, D. (2000). The American faculty poll. NY, NY: TIAA-CREF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawislak, K. (1999, September 17). Denying tenure: Who said anything about fairness? Chronicle of Higher Education. B4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, L. J., Astin, A. W., Korn, W. S. and Gilmartin S. K. (1999). The American college teacher: National norms for the 1998-1999 HERI faculty survey. University of California, Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, J. (2000, November 16). Windows and mirrors: Vantage points on a profession in metamorphosis. Sacramento, CA. Presentation at the Association for the Study of Higher Education Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. L. and associates. (1973). The tenure debate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorcinelli, M. D. and Gregory, M. W. (1987). Faculty stress: The tension between career demands and “having it all”. Coping with faculty stress. New Directions for Teaching and Learning #29. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tack, M. W. and Patitu, C. J. (1992). Faculty job satisfaction: Women and minorities in peril ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report # 4. Washington, DC: The George Washington University Clearinghouse on Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W. G. and Bensimon, E. M. (1996). Promotion and tenure: Community and socialization in academe Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trower, C. A. (1996). Tenure snapshot. New Pathways Working Paper Series #2. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trower, C. A. (1998). Employment practices in the professions: Fresh ideas from inside and outside the academy. New Pathways Working Paper Series #13. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trower, C. A. (2000, February 5). Illuminating archery in the dark. New Orleans, LA. Presentation at the AAHE Conference on Faculty Roles and Rewards.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (1998). Fall staff in postsecondary institutions, 1995. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Wisconsin System. (1990). Retaining and promoting women and minority faculty members: problems and possibilities. Madison, WI: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, R. H., Waterman, J. A., and Collard, B. A. (1994, July/August). Toward a career-resilient workforce. Harvard Business Review 72(4): 87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigton, R. S. and Waldman, R.S. (1993, March ). An innovative faculty appointment system at the University of Nebraska. Academic Medicine 68(3): 190–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. (1995, November 17). Colleges help professors balance work and family. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. (1999, June ll).Georgia State U. cuts some part-time positions to add 65 full-time faculty jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education. A18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R (2000, May 12) A new campus without tenure considers what it’s missing. Chronicle of Higher Education A18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf-Wendel, L. E., Twombly, S., and Rice, S. (2000, May/June). Dual-career couples: Keeping them together. Journal of Higher Education 71(3): 291–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyles, B. A. (1998, Winter). Adjunct faculty in the community colleges: Realities and challenges. The growing use of part-time faculty: Understanding causes and effects. Leslie, D.W. ed. New Directions for Higher Education # 104. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gappa, J.M. (2002). Academic Careers for the 21st Century: More Options for new Faculty. In: Smart, J.C., Tierney, W.G. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-87586-137-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0245-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics