Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Philosophy and Medicine ((PHME,volume 76))

  • 178 Accesses

Abstract

I will use the occasion of discussing managed care as an excuse to develop a more general ethic of trust. One hardly needs an excuse to talk about trust, considering its foundational nature, but if justification is required, managed care provides it amply Numerous commentators have observed the many threats that managed care poses to patients’ ability to trust their physician (Anders, 1996; Mechanic, 1996; Buchanan, 2000). Managed care forces patients to leave doctors they know well, it limits their choice of their new physician, it oversees physicians’ decisions with a view to restricting care, and it rewards physicians in a manner that creates a conflict of interest. Can trust survive in such a climate, and should we care? Is managed care an unmitigated ethical disaster, or is it possible to construct an ethic of trust that is consistent with at least some forms of managed care? I hope to provide at least tentative insights into each of these questions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anders, G. (1996). Health Against Wealth: HMOs and the Breakdown of Medical Trust. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A.D. Guerwitsch, D.A. (1982). ‘Therapeutic trust.’ Journal of Chronic Diseases, 35, 817–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. Dedrick, R.F. (1990). ‘Development of the trust in physician scale: A measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient physician relationships.’ Psychological Reports, 67, 1091–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baier, A. (1986). ‘Trust and antitrust.’ Ethics, 96, 231–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1999). ‘Debonafide effects vs. “placebo effects”.’ Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinborough, 29, 243–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, L.C. (1996). ‘Trust as noncognitive security about motives.’ Ethics, 107, 43–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Sira, Z. (1980). ‘Affective and instrumental components in the physician-patient relationship: An additional dimension of interaction theory.’ Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 170–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigley, G.A. Pearce, J.L. (1998). ‘Straining for shared meaning in organization science: Problems of trust and distrust.’ Academy of Management Review, 23, 405–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyte, W.R. (2001). ‘Casey’s legacy: Finding generosity when admitting an error in judgment.’ Health Affairs, 20 (2), 250–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branch, W.T. (2000). ‘Is the therapeutic nature of the patient-physician relationship being undermined?’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 2257–2260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, A. (2000). ‘Trust in managed care organizations.’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 10 (3), 189–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M.A. (1989). Ethical Analysis of Trust in Therapeutic Relationships. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caterinicchio, R.P. (1979). ‘Testing plausible path models of interpersonal trust in patient-physician treatment relationships.’ Science and Medicine, 13A, 81–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, K.S. (2001). Trust in Society. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooter, R. (2000). ‘Do good laws make good citizens? An economic analysis of internalized norms.’ Virginia Law Review, 86 (8), 1577–1602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H.T.O. Rundall, T.G. (2000). ‘Managing patient trust in managed care.’ The Milbank Quarterly, 78 (4), 609–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, F.J. (1985). ‘Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo response.’ In: L. White, B. Tursky G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Placebo: Theory, Research, and Mechanisms (pp. 215–228 ). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E. Gachter, S. (1998). ‘Reciprocity and economics: The economic implications of homo reciprocans.’ European Economic Review, 42, 845–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, L.A., Curbow, B.A., Wingard, J.R., McDonnell, K., Somerfield, M.R. (1999). ‘Can 40 seconds of compassion reduce patient anxiety?’ Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 371–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, T. (1998). ‘Fiduciary duties.’ In: P. Newman (Ed.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law (pp. 127–132 ). New York: Stockton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, B.S. (1997). Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation. Cheltenham,UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T.H., Robert, F.St.P., Margaret, C., Bernard, L. (2001). ‘Patients’ attitudes towards cost control bonuses for managed care physicians.’ Health Affairs, 20 (2), 186–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goold, S. (1998). ‘Money and trust: Relationships between patients, physicians, and health plans.’ Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 23, 688–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govier, T. (1992). ‘Distrust as a practical problem.’ Journal of Social Philosophy, 23, 52–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govier, T. (1993). ‘An epistemology of trust.’ International Journal of Moral And Social Studies, 2, 155–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govier, T. (1997). Social Trust and Human Communities. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govier, T. (1998). Dilemmas of Trust. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, B.H. (1997). ‘Trust and trustworthy care in the managed care era.’ Health Affairs, 16, 34–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M.A. (1994). ‘Rationing health care at the bedside.’ New York University Law Review, 69, 693–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M.A. (1997). Making Medical Spending Decisions: The Law, Ethics, and Economics of Rationing Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M.A., Dugan, E., Zheng, B. et al. (2001). ‘Trust in physicians and medical institutions: What is it, can it be measured, and does it matter?’ Milbank Quarterly, 79, 613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M.A., Zheng, B., Dugan, E. et al. (2002). ‘Measuring patients’ trust in their primary care providers.’ Medical Care Research Review. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M.A., Dugan, E., Balkrishnan, R. et al. (2002). ‘How disclosing HMO physicians incentives affects trust.’ Health Affairs, 21 (2), 197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, R. (1996). ‘Trustworthiness.’ Ethics, 107, 26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, R. (2001). Trust and Trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargraves, J.L. (2000). Patients Concerned About Insurer Influences. 17. Washington, D.C.: Center for Studying Health System Change. Data Bulletin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R.D. Ware, J.E. (1986). ‘My medical care is better than yours: Social desirability and patient satisfaction ratings.’ Medical Care, 24, 519–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, C.A. (2001). ‘Solving the problem of trust.’ In: K.S. Cook (Ed.), Trust in Society (pp. 40–88 ). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J.G. Rempel, J.K. (1989). ‘Trust in close relationships.’ In: C. Hendrick (Ed.), Close Relationships (pp. 187–220 ). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsburgh, H.J.N. (1961). ‘Trust and social objectives.’ Ethics, 72, 28–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. (1996). A Philosophical Exploration of Trust. Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns, J.L. (1996). ‘A concept analysis of trust.’ Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24, 76–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan, D.M. (2001). ‘Trust, collective action, and law.’ Boston University Law Review, 81, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, A., Green, D.C., Zaslayski, A., Koplan, J.P. Cleary, P.D. (1998). ‘The relationship between method of physician payment and patient trust.’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1708–1714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. (1984). The Silent World of Doctor and Patient. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, S.F. (2000). ‘The law of informed consent: From “doctor is right” to “patient has rights”.’ Syracuse Law Review, 50, 1243–1244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagenspetz, O. Akademi, A. (1992). ‘Legitimacy and trust.’ Philosophical Investigations, 15, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake, T. (2000). ‘Do HMOs make a difference? Consumer Assessments of Health Care.’ Inquiry, 36, 411–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewicki, R.J. McAllister, D.J. (1998). ‘Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities.’ Academy of Management Review, 23, 438–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhmann, N. (1973). Trust and Power. Chichester: John Wiley Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, D., Donaldson, D. Lloyd, P. (1991). ‘Caveat emptor or blissful ignorance? Patients and the consumerist ethos.’ Social Science Medicine, 33, 559–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn-McHale, D.J. Deatrick, J.A. (2000). ‘Trust between family and health care provider.’ Journal of Family Nursing, 6 (3), 210–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, R.C.J., Clark, G., Reeves, R.B.J., Wagner, S.B. (1969). ‘Acceptance and healing.’ Journal of Religion and Health, 123–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D. (1995). ‘An integrative model of organization trust.’ Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1996). ‘Changing medical organization and the erosion of trust.’ Milbank Quarterly, 74, 171–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1998). ‘The functions and limitations of trust in the provision of medical care.’ Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 23, 661–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. Schlesinger, M. (1996). ‘The impact of managed care on patients’ trust in medical care and their physicians.’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 1693–1697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A. (1996). ‘Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust.’ In: R. Kramer T. Tyler (Eds.), Trust In Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research (pp. 261–287 ). Thousand Oaks, CA.: SAGE Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J., Chang, H., Montgomery, J., Rogers, W.H., Safran, D.G. (2000). ‘The quality of physician- patient relationships: Patients’ experiences 1996–1999.’ Journal of Family Practice, 50 (2), 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S.L., Holmes, J.G., Griffin, D.W. (1996a). ‘The benefits of positive illusions: Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (1), 79–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S.L. Holmes, J.G. (1997). ‘A leap of faith? Positive illusions in romantic relationships.’ Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 (6), 586–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, S. L., Holmes, J.G., Griffin. D.W. (1996b). ‘The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: Love is not blind, but prescient.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (6), 1155–1180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novack, D. H. (1987). ‘Clinical review: Therapeutic aspects of the clinical encounter.’ Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2, 346–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. New York: The Free Press Of Glencoe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, S.D. Raeke, L.H. (2000). ‘Patients’ trust in physicians: Many theories, few measures, and little data.’ Journal of General Internal Medicine, 15, 509–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino, E.D. Thomasma, D.C. (1993). ‘Fidelity to trust.’ In: E.C. Pellegrino D.C. Thomasma (Eds.), The Virtues in Medicine (pp. 65–78 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino, E. D., Veatch, R.M. Langan, J.P. (1991). Ethics, Trust, and the Professions: Philosophical and Cultural Aspects. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. A. (1990). Opening Up: The Healing Power of Confiding in Others. New York: Morrow. Plotkin, W.B. (1985). ‘A psychological approach to placebo: The role of faith in therapy and treatment.’ In: L. White, B. Tursky G.E. Schwartz (Eds.), Placebo: Theory, Research, and Mechanisms (pp. 237–254 ). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempel, J.K., Holmes, J.G. Zanna, M.P. (1985). ‘Trust in close relationships.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. Strain, J.J. (2000). ‘Trust and transforming medical institutions.’ Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 9, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D.E. (1994). ‘On trust: A basic building block for healing doctor-patient interactions.’ Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 87, 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J.B. (1980). ‘Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility.’ American Psychologist, 35, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S. Camerer, C. (1998). ‘Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust.’ Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safran, D.G., Rogers, W.H., Tarlov, A.R., Inui, T., Taira, D.A., Montgomer, J.E., Ware, J.E. Slavin., C.B. (2000). ‘Organizational and fmancial characteristics of health plans: Are they related to primary care performance?’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 69–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safran, D.G., Taira, D.A., Rogers, W.H., Kosinski, M., Ware, J.E. Tarlov, A.R. (1998). ‘Linking primary care performance to outcomes of care.’ Journal of Family Practice, 47, 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A.K. Shapiro, E. (1983). ‘Patient-provider relationships and the placdbo effect.’ Strategies for Health Enhancement, 25, 317–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. (1987). ‘The social control of impersonal trust.’ American Journal of Sociology, 93, 623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherlock, R. (1986). ‘Reasonable men and sick human beings.’ American Journal of Medicine, 80, 2–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sitkin, S.B., Sutcliffe, K.M. Reed, G.L. (1993). ‘Prescriptions for justice: Using social accounts to legitimate the exercise of professional control.’ Social Justice Research, 6 (1), 87–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stout, L.A. Blair, M.M. (2000). Trust, Trustworthiness, and the Behavioral Foundations of Corporate Law, Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thom, D. H., Ribisl, K.M., Steward, A.L., Luke, D.A. The Stanford Trust Study Physicians (1999). ‘Further validation and reliability testing of the trust in physician scale.’ Medical Care, 37, 510–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. B. (1987). ‘General practice consultations: Is there any point in being positive?’ British Medical Journal Clinical Research Education, 294 (6581), 1200–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thome, S.E. Robinson, C.A. (1988). ‘Health care relationships: The chronic illness perspective.’ Research in Nursing Health, 11, 293–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veatch, R.M. (2000). ‘Doctor does not know best: Why in the new century physicians must stop trying to benefit patients.’ Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 25 (6), 701–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, B.C. (1999). ‘Assisted suicide and nursing: Possibly compatible?’ Journal of Professional Nursing, 15 (3), 151–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S., Morse, J.M. Penrod. J. (1998). ‘Developing reciprocal trust in the caregiving relationship.’ Qualitative Health Research, 8 (4), 446–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaner, R.M. (1991). ‘The phenomenon of trust and the patient physician relationship,’ in Pellegrino, E.D., Veatch, R.M., Langan, J.P. (eds.), Ethics, Trust, and the Professions: Philosophical and Cultural Aspects (pp. 45–65 ). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hall, M.A. (2002). The Ethics and Empirics of Trust. In: Bondeson, W.B., Jones, J.W. (eds) The Ethics of Managed Care: Professional Integrity and Patient Rights. Philosophy and Medicine, vol 76. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0413-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0413-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6185-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0413-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics