Skip to main content

An Image Based Automatic 2D:4D Digit Ratio Measurement Procedure for Smart City Health and Business Applications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Information Innovation Technology in Smart Cities

Abstract

2D:4D digit ratios are used for several health and business related applications. Currently, digit ratios are measured manually. This study proposes an automatic digit ratio measurement approach that can be used in the context of smart city healthcare and business applications. Smart city healthcare needs to be founded on the principles of self-service and independence. The proposed approach assumes that an image of the hands of a user is acquired using some imaging device. First, the hands are separated from the background. Next, the hand outline is traced. The hand outlines are used to identify points of interest that are used to measure the finger lengths and digit ratios. Experimental results are promising, but further research is needed before the approach can be deployed in real-world settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Putza DA, Gaulinb SJC, Sporterc RJ et al (2004) Sex hormones and finger length what does 2D:4D indicate? Evol Hum Behav 25:182–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Voracek M, Pietschnig J, Nader IW et al (2011) Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-role orientation: further evidence and meta-analysis. Personality Individ Differ 51:417–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. McIntyre MH, Barrett ES, McDermott R et al (2007) Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game. Personality Individ Differ 42:755–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J et al (1998) The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Hum Reprod 13:3000–3004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sandnes FE (2014) Measuring 2D: 4D finger length ratios with Smartphone Cameras. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics (SMC), IEEE, pp 1697–1701

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sandnes FE (2015) An automatic two-hand 2D:4D finger-ratio measurement algorithm for flatbed scanned images. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics (SMC), IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 1203–1208

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sandnes FE (2015) A Two-stage binarizing algorithm for automatic 2D:4D finger ratio measurement of hands with non-separated fingers. In: Proceedings of 11th international conference on innovations in information technology (IIT’15), IEEE, pp 178–183

    Google Scholar 

  8. Koch R, Haßlmeyer E, Tantinger D et al (2015) Development and implementation of algorithms for automatic and robust measurement of the 2D: 4D digit ratio using image data. Curr Dir Biomed Eng 1:220–223

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fukumoto M, Suenaga Y, Mase K (1994) Finger-pointer: pointing interface by image processing. Comput Graph 18:633–642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sauvola J, Pietikäinen M (2000) Adaptive document image binarization. Pattern Recogn 33:225–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vezhnevets V, Sazonov V, Andreeva A (2003) A survey on pixel-based skin color detection techniques. Proc Graphicon 3:85–92

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kakumanu P, Makrogiannis S, Bourbakis N (2007) A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods. Pattern Recogn 40:1106–1122

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Pavlovic VI, Sharma R, Huang TS (1997) Visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction: a review. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal 19:677–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Freeman WT, Roth M (1994) Orientation histograms for hand gesture recognition. Technical report. Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge Research Center, TR-94–03a

    Google Scholar 

  15. Neyse L, Brañas-Garza P (2014) Digit ratio measurement guide. No. 1914. Kiel Working Paper

    Google Scholar 

  16. Coetzee L, Botha EC (1993) Fingerprint recognition in low quality images. Pattern Recogn 26:1441–1460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Arthur D, Vassilvitskii S (2007) k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms (SODA’07). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 1027–1035

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frode Eika Sandnes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sandnes, F.E., Neyse, L. (2018). An Image Based Automatic 2D:4D Digit Ratio Measurement Procedure for Smart City Health and Business Applications. In: Ismail, L., Zhang, L. (eds) Information Innovation Technology in Smart Cities. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1741-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1741-4_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1740-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1741-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics