Abstract
On February 17, 2014, Xi Jinping delivered a speech (hereinafter referred to as the Speech) at the opening ceremony of a seminar at which provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres discussed the deepening of reform laid out in the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the C.P.C.
This paper is my manuscript from a lecture at a rotational training class for leading Beijing cadres at municipal and county levels to consider General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series address on February 19, 2014; Issue 5 of 2014 Report on the National Situation on February 25; it was modified again on March 15.
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Notes
- 1.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 2.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 3.
Zhang Peigang defines ‘industrialization’ as ‘the continuous changing process of a series of strategic production functions’. Zhang Peigang: Agriculture and Industrialization: Primary Investigation of Industrialization Issues in Agricultural Countries, Chinese version, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 1984, P. 70. Later, Zhang Peigang defines ‘industrialization’ as ‘the breakthrough changes (or revolution) from low levels to high levels of a series of strategic production functions (or combination of production elements) in a national economy’. Zhang Peigang: General Theory of Development Economics, Volume 1, Industrialization Issues of Agricultural Countries, Hunan Publishing House, 1991, P. 190.
- 4.
Hu Angang: Chinese Road and Chinese Dream, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2013.
- 5.
In 1992, the report from the 14th National People’s Congress of the C.P.C. Central Committee pointed that 1.1 billion people’s lack of food and clothing is basically resolved, and we are moving towards a moderately prosperous society. Jiang Zemin: Quicken the Pace of Reform and Opening and Drive Modernization, Achieve More Victories in the Socialist Cause with Chinese Characteristics—Report from the 14th National People’s Congress of the C.P.C. Central Committee, October 12, 1992.
- 6.
The report from the 16th National People’s Congress of the C.P.C. Central Committee in 2002 indicated that the people’s overall living standard had reached the well-off level, but this was not all-inclusive and was very uneven. Therefore it required sustained and unremitting efforts to transform the country and make life better for the people. Jiang Zemin: Comprehensively Build a Moderately Prosperous Society, Initiate a New Pattern for Socialist Causes with Chinese Characteristics—Report at the 16th National People’s Congress of the C.P.C. Central Committee, November 18, 2002.
- 7.
The Constitution of the Communist Party of China passed at the 16th C.P.C. National Congress indicated that ‘the C.P.C.’s task is to develop a national economy according to the stated plan, realize rapid national industrialization, implement systematic technical reform of the national economy, and develop strong modernized industry, agriculture, transport and national defense.
- 8.
Zhou Enlai: Primary Task of Developing the National Economy, December 21, 1964, Zhou Enlai’s Selected Works, Volume II, P. 439, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, November, 1984.
- 9.
Zhou Enlai: Marching Towards the Grand Objective of Four Modernizations, January 13, 1975, Zhou Enlai’s Selected Works, Volume II, P. 479, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, November 1984.
- 10.
Jiang Zemin: Comprehensively Build a Moderately Prosperous Society, and Initiate a New Pattern of Socialist Causes with Chinese Characteristics—Report from the 16th National People’s Congress of the C.P.C. Central Committee, November 8, 2002.
- 11.
Hu Jintao: Making Progress along Socialist Road with Chinese Characteristics and Striving For Comprehensive Achievement of a Well-off Society—Report from the 18th C.P.C. National Congress, November 8, 2012.
- 12.
Hu Angang: Chinese Road and Chinese Dream, PP. 89–90, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2013.
- 13.
People’s Daily, January 1, 2014.
- 14.
Wang Shaoguang, Hu Angang: A Study of China’s State Capacity, P. 2, Liaoning People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 15.
People’s Daily, January 1, 2014.
- 16.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 17.
Mao Zedong pointed out that to divide one into two is a common phenomenon, known as a ‘dialectic’. Mao Zedong: Dialectics of Party Unity, Mao Zedong’s Selected Works, Volume 5, P. 498. On November 8, 1963, when revising and modifying Zhou Yang’s address to the Fourth Expansion Conference of the Committee of the Academic Division of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mao Zedong pointed out that everything in the world is divided into two. This is true of theories. Science and scientific history explain such opposition and unification. A Chronicle of Mao Zedong’s Life (1949–1976), Volume 5, P. 278, Central Party Literature Press, 2013.
- 18.
China’s administrative regions and management are divided into central, provincial (34), city (333), prefecture (2852) and township levels (40, 446). Prepared by NBS: China Statistical Abstract 2013, PP. 1–2, Beijing, China Statistics Press, 2013.
- 19.
See Chap. VIII of Comparison and Analysis of China’s and Europe’s Governance Performance.
- 20.
Based on the voting right reform scheme passed at the IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings on April 25, 2010, the voting rights of developing countries in World Bank increased by 3.13% to reach 47.19%. The newly adjusted voting right is mainly transferred to emerging and transition economies, and China saw the most significant increase in voting right from 2.77 to 4.42%, becoming the third largest shareholder of the World Bank after the U.S.A. and Japan. On November 6, 2010, the executive director of the IMF implemented the reform scheme, and China’s share was planned to rise from 4 to 6.39%.
After the global financial crisis, a joke spread in Beijing international institutes: in 1949, only socialism could save China; in 1979, only capitalism could save it; in 1989, only China could save socialism; in 2009, only China could save capitalism. Jonathan Watts, 2010. When a Billion Chinese Jump: How China Will Save Mankind—Or Destroy It, Faber and Faber Limited, Bloomsbury House, PP. 383.
- 21.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 22.
Jiang Zemin: A Letter to the Political Bureau of the C.P.C. Central Committee, September 1, 2004, Jiang Zemin’s Selected Works, Volume 3, P. 600, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 2006.
- 23.
Hu Angang: Chinese Road and Chinese Dream, Version III, How to Realize the Succession of New Leaders to Old Leaders, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2013.
- 24.
Mao Zedong: Report on the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh C.P.C. Central Committee, Mao Zedong’s Selected Works, Volume 4, P. 1439, People’s Publishing House, 1991.
- 25.
Angus Maddison, Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1-2008 AD.
- 26.
Li Yunxia: A Comparative Study of Modernization Between China and India, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), PP. 243–251.
- 27.
See details in Hu Angang’s Theory on China’s Political and Economic History (1949–1976), Tsinghua University Press, 2007.
- 28.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 29.
Deng Xiaoping: Reform of the Party and State Leading Systems, Deng Xiaoping’s Selected Works, Volume 23, PP. 327, 333, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1994.
- 30.
Hu Jintao: Address at the Conference Celebrating the 90th Anniversary of the Founding of the C.P.C., July 1, 2011.
- 31.
Deng Xiaoping: Conversation with Wojciech Jaruzelski, the First Secretary of the Polish United Worker’s Party Central Committee and President of the Council of the State, September 29, 1986, Deng Xiaoping’s Selected Works, Volume 3, P. 178, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 32.
Deng Xiaoping remarked ‘after thirty years, we will have a complete set of more mature and shaped systems in all aspects. The principles and policies to be applied under each system will also be more firmly established’. Deng Xiaoping’s Selected Works, Volume 3, P. 372, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1993.
- 33.
Zhang Peigang: Agriculture and Industrialization, English version, 1949; Chinese version, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 1984.
- 34.
Zhang Peigang: New Development Economics, (revised and enlarged edition), PP. 127, 145, Henan Peoples’ Publishing House, 2001.
- 35.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 36.
This indicates that economically backward countries need to make special institutional arrangements to address their backwardness, and must find a way to realize this objective. See detailed analysis in Alexander Gerschenkron’s Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Chinese version, The Commercial Press, 2009.
- 37.
Obama’s State of the Union address, January 24, 2012, White House Office of the Press Secretary.
- 38.
Hu Angang: China’s Collective Leadership System, China Renmin University Press, Beijing, 2013.
- 39.
See details in Why does the U.S.A. Descend? Report on the National Situation, Issue 21 of 2013, May 16.
- 40.
Hu Angang: Chinese Contribution is a Blessing for the World, People’s Daily (Overseas Edition), March 8, 2013.
- 41.
Hu Angang, Wang Shaoguang, Zhou Jianming, Han Yuhai: Man’s World, Beijing, China Renmin University Press, 2011.
- 42.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
- 43.
Mao Zedong: On Correctly Handling the Issue of Contradictions Among the People, (February 27, 1957), Mao Zedong’s Collected Works, Volume 7, P. 226, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1999.
- 44.
Mao Zedong’s Selected Works, Volume 7, P. 69, Beijing, People’s Publishing House, 1999.
- 45.
Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty said in Feudal Theory that ‘the Western Zhou Dynasty’s failure lay in its patriarchal clan system, while the Qin Dynasty’s failure lay in tyranny and not in the system of prefectures and counties’.
- 46.
Decisions on Several of the Party’s Historic Issues Since the Founding of the P.R.C. was passed in the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th C.P.C. Central Committee on June 27, 1981.
- 47.
People’s Daily, Beijing, February 17, 2014.
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Hu, A., Tang, X., Yang, Z., Yan, Y. (2017). Modernization of State Governance. In: The Modernization of China’s State Governance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3370-4_3
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