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Emerging Role of Glutamate Receptors in Pathophysiology of Depression

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Understanding Depression

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Abstract

Glutamate is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human brain. Glutamate is extensively involved in the metabolism and neurotransmission nearly in the entire regions of the brain. As the gradient of glutamate level between the intracellular and extracellular space is high, potent regulatory systems with glutamate receptors are required to maintain such gradient discrepancy. Maybe the most potent regulatory step in the modulation of the action of the glutamate is through excitatory amino acid transporters type 2 (EAAT2). Unlike other major neurotransmitter receptors such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters, EAAT2 are mostly present in the membrane surface of the astrocytes. The initiation and termination of the glutamatergic cycle is mainly modulated in the tripartite synapses.

Major types of presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamate receptors consist of ionotropic, kainate, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Each group of glutamate receptors is again further categorized into subgroups. Under physiological conditions, the action of the ionotropic glutamate receptors enhances major function of glutamate and contributes to the essential role of glutamate such as long-term potentiation in the neuromolecular level and cognitive and emotional function in the clinical manifestation. The alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPA) are mainly involved in the neuroprotective role such as synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity.

Depression is closely associated with the disturbances in the glutamate receptors as well as complex interactions with neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic factors, although which one is a consequence or cause. First, if the action of the EAAT2 is insufficient, spillover of glutamate occurs, and then excessive glutamate binds to the various receptors in the tripartite and extrasynaptic receptors. Although the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) have complicated role according to the subtypes and microenvironment in which they work, dysfunctional mGluR may deepen the excessive glutamate in the tripartite synapse. Currently, the resultant overexpression of the extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is considered one of the essential causative stages in the pathophysiology of depression.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea

    Kyoung-Sae Na

  2. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

    Yong-Ku Kim

  3. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Kyunggi Province, South Korea

    Yong-Ku Kim

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    Yong-Ku Kim

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Na, KS., Kim, YK. (2018). Emerging Role of Glutamate Receptors in Pathophysiology of Depression. In: Kim, YK. (eds) Understanding Depression . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6580-4_7

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