Abstract
Over the last two decades, China has had a strong interest in pursuing a smart power strategy toward the world and has worked hard to engage with regional countries economically, politically, and socially. Along this line, the academic research on the Chinese Dream, soft power aspirations, and public and cultural diplomacy in the ideological and political education of school students has become a hot issue. The question of how the Chinese Government has deployed its soft power (also known as the Chinese Dream in this study) in the past and the present through the use of music in national community education in China will be investigated in this chapter. This chapter will also demonstrate how select songs are used to examine soft power, improve national communication capabilities, and undertake domestic purposes to achieve three goals, including the cultivation of cultural diplomacy through traditional Chinese culture, the development of cultural diplomacy, and the fulfilment of the Chinese Dream, soft power, and public and cultural diplomacy in China’s education.
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Notes
- 1.
Some selected Chinese posters featuring Mao Zedong Thought based on the official writings of Mao can be found at http://chineseposters.net/themes/mao-thought.php.
- 2.
This document was drafted by Mao Zedong and was issued by the Central Committee of the CPC on August 8, 1966. The English version can be found at https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-33g.htm
- 3.
The propaganda posters for the four basic principles produced in 1984 can be found at http://chineseposters.net/themes/four-basic-principles.php
- 4.
China is a large nation with a diverse array of ethnic groups, of which 92% are of Han nationality. Consequently, Chinese culture is generally referred to as Han Chinese culture. Chinese folk music has a long history of simple structures and simple language and is the most widespread music genre in traditional Chinese culture. Shijing (The Classic of Poetry), a classic Confucian text, compiled many traditional Chinese folk songs dating from 800 BC to about 400 BC, dividing them into three categories: haozi (“workers’ melodies”), shange (“songs of the mountains”), and xiaodiau (“folk tunes ”). Besides the Han people, China also has many other ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique set of folk songs that constitute a solid foundation of Chinese musical heritage (for more information, see Han, 1989; Miao & Qiao, 1987; Tuohy, 1999).
- 5.
Qiu Jin (1875–1907), born into a moderately wealthy family, was a Chinese revolutionary, feminist, writer, and poet. She is regarded as the first female martyr in China. As a young girl, she was fascinated by Chinese female heroes and warriors and was good at writing. She left her husband and two children in 1903 and went to study in Japan. Returning to China in 1905, she participated in the Triads, an underground society that advocated the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty . In 1906, Qiu founded the newspaper Zhongguo Nu Bao, which advocated for women’s rights and education, and attempted to rally women to fight for their freedom. She also wrote many articles and poems about historical Chinese women and advocating for women’s rights. Qiu, her cousin Xu Xilin, and other male members founded the Datong School in the city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. The school was supposedly intended to train sports teachers but was actually used for military training for revolutionaries. In 1907, Qing officials apprehended and executed Qiu Jin after a failed uprising against the Qing Dynasty. Qiu’s life has been portrayed in two Chinese movies, one simply titled Qiu Jin released in 1983 and the other titled Jing Xiong Nuxia Qiu Jin (The Women Knight of Mirror Lake) in 2011.
- 6.
The video for “Mian Nuguan” being sung can be found at https://vlog.xuite.net/play/YmJvYjJSLTE3MDIwMTIzLmZsdg== (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 7.
Once a symbol of beauty and social status, foot binding (also known as lotus feet) was practiced in China beginning in the tenth century. It is believed that foot binding was inspired by a tenth-century court dancer named Yao Niang who bound her feet into the shape of a new moon. Before women wore decorative shoes, bound feet had to be bandaged correctly in a particular manner in order to keep the deformed bones together (see Ko, 2001, 2005). This practice continued among upper-class court dancers in Imperial China and eventually spread to all social classes during the Song Dynasty (960–1279). This traditional Chinese custom was officially banned in 1911 but continued through to the establishment of the PRC in 1949.
- 8.
“The Internationale,” written in French by Eugene Pottier after the fall of the Paris Commune in 1871 and set to music by Pierre De Geyter, is the international song of Marxist and non-Marxist socialist parties alike. It has been translated into many languages and is widely used around the world to signify resistance to oppression. The official Chinese version was translated from the Russian version on June 15, 1923 by Qu Qiubai (1899–1935), a CPC leader during the late 1920s and an important influence on Mao Zedong ’s thoughts.
- 9.
The Shanghai Conservatory of Music is a higher education institution located in the metropolis of Shanghai, which grew out of the Shanghai National Institute of Music. With the efforts of Cai Yuanpei and Xiao Youmei , the institute was founded in November 1927 as the first higher music education institution in China. It earned its name by being the cradle of musicians in the mainland. Cai was one of the foremost educational leaders in China, and he served as the president of Peking University from 1916 to 1926 and was a founder of Academia Sinica. He advocated the equal importance of five ways of life—virtue, wisdom, health, collective, and beauty—in school education. Trained in Germany as a pianist and composer, Xiao Youmei served as the president of the institute until his death from illness in 1940.
- 10.
The Songhua River is the largest branch of the Heilong River, with a height of about 1900 km and flowing about 1434 km from the Changbai Mountains through Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces in Northeast China. It ranks as the fifth longest river in China.
- 11.
The music video for “Nanniwan ,” with English subtitles performed by Cui Jian, can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bErB2cCisHM and another music video without English subtitles can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urbeUWY5dHo (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 12.
The music video for “The East is Red,” the song-and-dance epic with English subtitles, can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQaK3tL6qIE, while the propaganda poster for “The East Is Red ” produced in 1965 can be found at http://chineseposters.net/gallery/e12-606.php (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 13.
Wang Ping is regarded as the first female director in the PRC.
- 14.
During the CR, Mao Zedong mobilized groups of devoted young people, from middle school students to university students, to form paramilitary units to carry out his new program. These Red Guards often wore green jackets that were similar to the uniforms of the Chinese army at the time, with red armbands attached to one of the sleeves. They sought to enforce communist dogma and to destroy the “four olds”—old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas.
- 15.
Jiang Qing (1914–1991) was a Chinese actress. She married Mao Zedong in Yan’an in November 1938 and became the inaugural “First Lady” of the PRC (better known as Madame Mao). She became a significant political figure during the CR as the leader of the Gang of Four, whose members included Zhang Chunqiao (1917–2005), Yao Wenyuan (1931–2005), and Wang Hongwen (1935–1992). After Mao’s death in 1976, Jiang lost support for her political activities. The Gang of Four (or siren bang) were convicted of “counter-revolutionary crimes” and imprisoned in 1981. In January 1983, Jiang’s sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. After suffering from throat cancer, she was released on bail for medical treatment in May 1991. Ten days after her release, Jiang allegedly committed suicide in the early hours of May 14, 1991.
- 16.
Yuen Yanting, who was born in Hong Kong and emigrated to Holland at the age of five, directed the feature-length musical documentary Yang Ban Xi, The 8 Model Works, which was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in 2005, and awarded the Prix du Meilleur Essai at the Montreal International Festival of Films on Art in 2007.
- 17.
Former Cambodian King and Prime Minister Norodom Sihanouk played a key role in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Cambodia in 1958. He lived in China (which he considered to be his “second home”) for nearly 40 years before passing away in Beijing on October 15, 2012.
- 18.
The music video for the theme song titled “One Day” from Beginning of the Great Revival can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oijU2YAJ0Yw (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 19.
The music video can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9k2o6vqqSo (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 20.
FLW56 has drawn many comparisons to their counterparts AKB48 in Japan and Moranbong Band in North Korea, with a name that is easy to remember but is more symbolic to Chinese listeners.
- 21.
The music video can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN2UBLb7U70 (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 22.
This music video can be viewed, with both Chinese and English subtitles, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjmBdYHqBW4 (Retrieved on December 10, 2017).
- 23.
Chinese nationalism and patriotic education in China is a complex phenomenon. China experienced a resurgence of nationalism at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was particularly facilitated by the May Fourth Movement of 1919 and anti-foreign aggression (refer to Chap. 2 for details).
- 24.
Japan has been criticized for the atrocities it committed during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Anti-Japanese sentiment is not only prevalent among the older generation but also is common among the younger generation. The Japanese authority’s refusal to revise a history book that is thought to have whitewashed Japan’s war record and the Japanese Prime Minister’s visit to a war shrine have made the Chinese people very angry. An example of anti-Japanese sentiment is the case of the famous Chinese actress and singer Zhao Wei (also known as Vicki Zhao), who sparked a furious media campaign when she modeled a mini-dress printed with the old Japanese naval flag and the inscription “health, peace, happiness, and hygiene” for a Chinese fashion magazine published in September 2001. Having been boycotted, Zhao apologized in the state media, and during a television interview for Entertainment Scene, she emphasized her patriotism and admitted neglecting her history lessons, being insensitive to historical matters, and failing to recognize the print of the red “rising sun” emitting rays of light as the hated Japanese symbol.
- 25.
The “eight-year war” began on July 7, 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge (also known as the Lugou Bridge) Incident occurred, and ended when Japan surrendered unconditionally in 1945. This incident is widely viewed as the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War .
- 26.
The song “Ode to the Motherland” was produced during the period immediately after the establishment of the PRC. Sometimes it is honored as “the second national anthem” of the PRC.
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Ho, WC. (2018). Propaganda Songs in Music Education: Between Chinese Nationalism and Chinese Socialism. In: Culture, Music Education, and the Chinese Dream in Mainland China. Cultural Studies and Transdisciplinarity in Education, vol 7. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7533-9_4
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