Abstract
In the face of rapid social, political, and economic changes since the 1978 Open Door Policy, popular culture, in the form of values and ideological struggles, has played a key role in China’s experience of social transformation and market economy. This chapter will explore three major areas by providing an account of social change, value change, and modernization in the ever-changing learning society; an examination of China’s youth and the rise of individualistic values toward modernization and economic reforms in the past three decades; and a study of popular culture in reconstructing the nation’s approach to school music education. Through select song materials, this chapter will examine the challenges to realizing programmatic curricula in music classrooms through the integration of personal ideals into the school music curriculum in respect to the promotion of happiness and freedom, as well as the cultivation of personal dreams.
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Notes
- 1.
The first generation of migrant workers, who left their rural homes to seek work on construction sites and in factories in China’s major cities, have been the engine of spectacular economic growth in the mainland over the last three decades. The first generation of migrant workers was born in the 1960s and 1970s, and those of the new generation were born in the 1980s. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, there were more than 281.7 million migrant workers in the mainland in 2016. Compared with the first-generation migrants, the new generation in the mainland is better educated and more adaptable and willing to stay in the city (Wang & He, 2016). After three decades of contributing to the Chinese economy and society, the first generation of rural-to-urban migrant workers is being replaced by a new generation in the urban labor market.
- 2.
The tiers of cities in China usually refer to key characteristics of the city, including its economic development, GDP, advanced transportation systems and infrastructure, population, and historical and cultural significance. Roughly 170 Chinese cities have more than one million residents, but only Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen are labeled “first tier” in terms of size and per capita GDP. Second-tier cities are mainly made up of provincial capitals and coastal cities, such as Chengdu, Chongqing , Tianjin, Wuhan, and Xiamen. Third-tier cities are usually medium-size cities in each province, with millions in population, and represent a promising potential market for businesses.
- 3.
The scene can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUKxDVilH8M (retrieved December 11, 2017).
- 4.
Cui Jian , who established himself in China as its first rock performer in the mid-1980s, is an important figure who has confronted contradictions between the orientation of Chinese authorities and democratic convictions in China. Originally, he was a trumpeter in the Beijing Philharmonic Orchestra (Beijing Jiaoxiang Yuetuan). In 1985, he formed his own band, Building Block, with six colleagues from the orchestra and recorded Paul McCartney/Michael Jackson hits. In the late 1980s, he played the first Chinese rock song called “I Have Nothing” (Yi Wu Suo You). This was regarded as the first time an electric guitar was used in China. Following Cui, two bands, Hei Bao (Black Panther) and Tang Dynasty, became famous in the late 1980s and the early 1990s.
- 5.
However, in July 2016, China voiced strong opposition to Seoul’s decision to deploy a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense battery to counter nuclear and missile threats from North Korea. At the time of writing this chapter, China has suspended the airing of South Korean TV programs and has given no permission for Korean artists to appear on TV shows.
- 6.
The morning exercise is a radio gymnastic exercise (guangbo ticao 广播体操), which is part of the school curriculum in most primary and secondary schools in China. The music and body movements are supposed to be centrally designed by the MoE throughout China. The exercise sequence, which is comprised of simple movements such as raising one’s hands and skipping, lasts for a few minutes. Some schools may require students to run laps before ending the exercise.
- 7.
After 1999, “suzhi jiaoyu” emerged in various other documents in relation to other areas of education, children, and youths. In August 1999, the MoE issued the document “Recommendation for Strengthening Psychological Health Education in Primary and Middle Schools.” The beginning paragrap h connected psychological health education to the suzhi jiaoyu reform (see Kuan, 2015, p. 39) (also see Kipnis, 2006).
- 8.
The State Council of the PRC, namely, the Central People’s Government, is the chief administrative authority of state power, as well as the highest organ of state administration. It is chaired by the Chinese premier and is composed of vice-premiers; state councilors; the heads of governmental departments, commissions, and agencies; the auditor-general; and the secretary-general. With a view to catering to the international community, English.gov.cn is the official English-language electronic communication platform of the State Council. Both English and Chinese versions (www.gov.cn) make up the Chinese Government’s online presence.
- 9.
“My Love from the Star” was about an alien from outer space who was stranded on Earth for 400 years until he met and fell in love with a beautiful but temperamental actress. According to official statistics, there were 433 million viewers of the online videos (including the TV shows) in China by the end of 2014. This drama created the largest streaming market in the world (Qin, 2015).
- 10.
This section is an extension and updated version of Ho and Law’s study (2015) on multiple citizenship in response to personal values .
- 11.
Les Misérables was the first Broadway production ever to make it to the stage in Shanghai, China, in 2002. Phantom of the Opera debuted in Shanghai in 2003, but it took until November 2015 for it to premiere in Beijing.
- 12.
Under the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Youth League , the China Youth and Children Research Center (CYCRC) was established in July 1991 as a nonprofit organization consisting of experts and scholars specializing in the study of children and youths to provide related information services to the community.
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Ho, WC. (2018). The Rise of Individualistic Values, Social Change, Popular Culture, and Depoliticization: Challenge to Music Education. In: Culture, Music Education, and the Chinese Dream in Mainland China. Cultural Studies and Transdisciplinarity in Education, vol 7. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7533-9_6
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