Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis and Design of Engineered Biochars as Electrode Materials in Energy Storage Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Production of Materials from Sustainable Biomass Resources

Part of the book series: Biofuels and Biorefineries ((BIOBIO,volume 9))

Abstract

Secondary or rechargeable batteries are nowadays considered to be one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices. Particularly, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are popular due to their high energy and power density. However, next generation LIBs will need to be smaller and cheaper, an increase in their energy content appears to be necessary. So that active materials with higher rate capability, higher energy content, and higher cycle life are required. On the other hand, the development of safe and environmentally friendly LIBs is a necessary specification. To this end, this chapter introduces engineered biocarbon-based materials with a short description of their designs, structural features, and chemical and physical activation. This chapter also provides novel engineered biochars used in LIBs and their performance differences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. H.O.F. Batteries, D.E. Library, T.M. Companies (2004) Handbook of batteries. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(86)80059-3

  2. Gröger O, Gasteiger HA, Suchsland J-P (2015) Review – electromobility: batteries or fuel cells? J Electrochem Soc 162:A2605–A2622. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211514jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Eftekhari A (2018) On the theoretical capacity/energy of lithium batteries and their counterparts. ACS Sustain Chem Eng acssuschemeng.7b04330. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04330

  4. Nitta N, Wu F, Lee JT, Yushin G (2015) Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Mater Today 18:252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Schmuch R, Wagner R, Hörpel G, Placke T, Winter M (2018) Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries. Nat Energy 3:267–278. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zubi G, Dufo-López R, Carvalho M, Pasaoglu G (2018) The lithium-ion battery: state of the art and future perspectives. Renew Sust Energ Rev 89:292–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Eftekhari A (2017) Ordered mesoporous materials for lithium-ion batteries. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 243:355–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.02.055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jiang J, Zhu JH, Ai W, Fan ZX, Shen XN, Zou CJ, Liu JP, Zhang H, Yu T (2014) Evolution of disposable bamboo chopsticks into uniform carbon fibers: a smart strategy to fabricate sustainable anodes for Li-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 7:2670–2679. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00602j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tasaki K, Goldberg A, Liang JJ, Winter M (2011) New insight into electrochemical differences in cycling behaviors of a lithium-ion battery cell between the ethylene carbonate- and propylene carbonate-based electrolytes. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 1313:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Song H-Y, Fukutsuka T, Miyazaki K, Abe T (2016) Suppression of co-intercalation reaction of propylene carbonate and lithium ion into graphite negative electrode by addition of diglyme. J Electrochem Soc 163:A1265–A1269. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0831607jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Placke T, Kloepsch R, Dühnen S, Winter M (2017) Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: the odyssey for high energy density. J Solid State Electrochem 21:1939–1964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3610-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Peled E, Menkin S (2017) Review—SEI: past, present and future. J Electrochem Soc 164:A1703–A1719. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1441707jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kaskhedikar NA, Maier J (2009) Lithium storage in carbon nanostructures. Adv Mater 21:2664–2680. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jiang L, Sheng L, Fan Z (2018) Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage. Sci China Mater 61:133–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9169-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Keller M, Buchholz D, Passerini S (2016) Layered Na-ion cathodes with outstanding performance resulting from the synergetic effect of mixed P-and O-type phases. Adv Energy Mater 6:1501555. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lux SF, Placke T, Engelhardt C, Nowak S, Bieker P, Wirth K-E, Passerini S, Winter M, Meyer H-W (2012) Enhanced electrochemical performance of graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries by dry coating with hydrophobic fumed silica. J Electrochem Soc 159:A1849–A1855. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.070211jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Read JA, Cresce AV, Ervin MH, Xu K (2014) Dual-graphite chemistry enabled by a high voltage electrolyte. Energy Environ Sci 7:617–620. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43333a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rothermel S, Meister P, Schmuelling G, Fromm O, Meyer HW, Nowak S, Winter M, Placke T (2014) Dual-graphite cells based on the reversible intercalation of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions from an ionic liquid electrolyte. Energy Environ Sci 7:3412–3423. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee01873g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fromm O, Heckmann A, Rodehorst UC, Frerichs J, Becker D, Winter M, Placke T (2018) Carbons from biomass precursors as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: new insights into carbonization and graphitization behavior and into their correlation to electrochemical performance. Carbon N Y 128:147–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jiang L, Sheng L, Fan Z (2017) Biomas-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage. Sci China Mater 5:133–158

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yin CY, Aroua MK, Daud WMAW (2007) Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 52:403–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.06.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Deng J, Li M, Wang Y (2016) Biomass-derived carbon: synthesis and applications in energy storage and conversion. Green Chem 18:4824–4854. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC01172A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Blomgren GE (2017) The development and future of lithium ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 164:A5019–A5025. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0251701jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee DH, Zheng C (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fey GTK, Chen CL (2001) High-capacity carbons for lithium-ion batteries prepared from rice husk. J Power Sources 97–98:47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00504-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gao Z, Zhang Y, Song N, Li X (2017) Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage. Mater Res Lett 5:69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.1250834

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Safari F, Norouzi O, Tavasoli A (2016) Hydrothermal gasification of Cladophora glomerata macroalgae over its hydrochar as a catalyst for hydrogen-rich gas production. Bioresour Technol 222:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Holtstiege F, Koç T, Hundehege T, Siozios V, Winter M, Placke T (2018) Toward high power batteries: pre-lithiated carbon nanospheres as high rate anode material for lithium ion batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater 1:4321–4331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rabenau A (1985) The role of hydrothermal synthesis in preparative chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed English 24:1026–1040. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198510261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Axelsson L, Franzén M, Ostwald M, Berndes G, Lakshmi G, Ravindranath NH (2012) Perspective: Jatropha cultivation in southern India: assessing farmers’ experiences, biofuels. Bioprod Bioref 6:246–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Salimi P, Javadian S, Norouzi O, Gharibi H (2017) Turning an environmental problem into an opportunity: potential use of biochar derived from a harmful marine biomass named Cladophora glomerata as anode electrode for Li-ion batteries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:27974–27984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0181-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu T, Kavian R, Chen Z, Cruz SS, Noda S, Lee SW (2016) Biomass-derived carbonaceous positive electrodes for sustainable lithium-ion storage. Nanoscale 8:3671–3677. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR07064C

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Williams PT, Reed AR (2006) Development of activated carbon pore structure via physical and chemical activation of biomass fibre waste. Biomass Bioenergy 30:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Mokaya R (2011) High density hydrogen storage in superactivated carbons from hydrothermally carbonized renewable organic materials. Energy Environ Sci 4:1400. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00347f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang J, Kaskel S (2012) KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage. J Mater Chem 22:23710. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34066f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Deng J, Xiong T, Wang H, Zheng A, Wang Y (2016) Effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin on the structure and morphology of porous carbons. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:3750–3756. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Pourhosseini SEM, Norouzi O, Naderi HR (2017) Study of micro/macro ordered porous carbon with olive-shaped structure derived from Cladophora glomerata macroalgae as efficient working electrodes of supercapacitors. Biomass Bioenergy 107:287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.10.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Stark A (2010) Part III ionic liquids in green engineering

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang P, Gong Y, Wei Z, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li H, Dai S, Wang Y (2014) Updating biomass into functional carbon material in ionothermal manner. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:12515–12522. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5023682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu Y, Huang B, Lin X, Xie Z (2017) Biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbons: boosting the energy density of supercapacitors via an ionothermal approach. J Mater Chem A 5:13009–13018. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA03639F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang P, Gong Y, Lv Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Li H (2012) Ionic liquids with metal chelate anions. Chem Commun 48:2334. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc16906a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pourhosseini SEM, Norouzi O, Salimi P, Naderi HR (2018) Synthesis of a novel interconnected 3D pore network algal biochar constituting iron nanoparticles derived from a harmful marine biomass as high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:4746–4758. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yan L, Yu J, Houston J, Flores N, Luo H (2017) Biomass derived porous nitrogen doped carbon for electrochemical devices. Green Energy Environ 2:84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2017.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Hou J, Cao C, Idrees F, Ma X (2015) Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets derived from silk for ultrahigh-capacity battery anodes and supercapacitors. ACS Nano 9:2556–2564. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506394r

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen L, Zhang Y, Lin C, Yang W, Meng Y, Guo Y, Li M, Xiao D (2014) Hierarchically porous nitrogen-rich carbon derived from wheat straw as an ultra-high-rate anode for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 2:9684–9690. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA00501E

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yu W, Wang H, Liu S, Mao N, Liu X, Shi J, Liu W, Chen S, Wang X (2016) N, O-codoped hierarchical porous carbons derived from algae for high-capacity supercapacitors and battery anodes. J Mater Chem A 4:5973–5983. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01821A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zheng P, Liu T, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Huang J, Guo S (2015) Sweet potato-derived carbon nanoparticles as anode for lithium ion battery. RSC Adv 5:40737–40741. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03482e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Han SW, Jung DW, Jeong JH, Oh ES (2014) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on carbon obtained from green tea biomass for superior lithium ion battery anodes. Chem Eng J 254:597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jiang Q, Zhang Z, Yin S, Guo Z, Wang S, Feng C (2016) Biomass carbon micro/nano-structures derived from ramie fibers and corncobs as anode materials for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci 379:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lisowska-Oleksiak A, Nowak AP, Wicikowska B (2014) Aquatic biomass containing porous silica as an anode for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 4:40439–40443. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06420H

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Niu J, Shao R, Liang J, Dou M, Li Z, Huang Y, Wang F (2017) Biomass-derived mesopore-dominant porous carbons with large specific surface area and high defect density as high performance electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Nano Energy 36:322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ryu D-J, Oh R-G, Seo Y-D, Oh S-Y, Ryu K-S (2015) Recovery and electrochemical performance in lithium secondary batteries of biochar derived from rice straw. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:10405–10412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4348-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Norouzi O, Jafarian S, Safari F, Tavasoli A, Nejati B (2016) Promotion of hydrogen-rich gas and phenolic-rich bio-oil production from green macroalgae Cladophora glomerata via pyrolysis over its bio-char. Bioresour Technol 219:643–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yu K, Li J, Qi H, Liang C (2018) High-capacity activated carbon anode material for lithium-ion batteries prepared from rice husk by a facile method. Diam Relat Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.04.019.

  55. Li Y, Wang F, Liang J, Hu X, Yu K (2016) Preparation of disordered carbon from rice husks for lithium-ion batteries. New J Chem 40:325–329. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01970B

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang L, Schnepp Z, Titirici MM (2013) Rice husk-derived carbon anodes for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 1:5269. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10650k

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Liu N, Huo K, McDowell MT, Zhao J, Cui Y (2013) Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes. Sci Rep 3:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Shao D, Tang D, Mai Y, Zhang L (2013) Nanostructured silicon/porous carbon spherical composite as a high capacity anode for Li-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 1:15068. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13616g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Xiang J, Lv W, Mu C, Zhao J, Wang B (2017) Activated hard carbon from orange peel for lithium/sodium ion battery anode with long cycle life. J Alloys Compd 701:870–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ou J, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhao Q, Meng Y, Guo Y, Xiao D (2015) Nitrogen-rich porous carbon derived from biomass as a high performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 3:6534–6541. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06614F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ou J, Yang L, Zhang Z, Xi X (2016) Honeysuckle-derived hierarchical porous nitrogen, sulfur, dual-doped carbon for ultra-high rate lithium ion battery anodes. J Power Sources 333:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lu Z-J, Bao S-J, Gou Y-T, Cai C-J, Ji C-C, Xu M-W, Song J, Wang R (2013) Nitrogen-doped reduced-graphene oxide as an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells. RSC Adv 3:3990. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra22161j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Endo M, Hayashi T, Hong S-H, Enoki T, Dresselhaus MS (2001) Scanning tunneling microscope study of boron-doped highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. J Appl Phys 90:5670–5674. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1409581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Li Z, Xu Z, Wang H, Ding J, Zahiri B, Holt CMB, Tan X, Mitlin D (2014) Colossal pseudocapacitance in a high functionality–high surface area carbon anode doubles the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor. Energy Environ Sci 7:1708–1718. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE43979H

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jaiswal A (2017) Lithium-ion battery based renewable energy solution for off-grid electricity: a techno-economic analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 72:922–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang S, Wang H, Zhang R, Zhao L, Wu X, Xie H, Zhang J, Sun H (2018) Egg yolk-derived carbon: achieving excellent fluorescent carbon dots and high performance lithium-ion batteries. J Alloys Compd 746:567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ou J, Zhang Y, Chen L, Yuan H, Xiao D (2014) Heteroatom doped porous carbon derived from hair as an anode with high performance for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 4:63784–63791. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12121J

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Li Y, Li C, Qi H, Yu K, Liang C (2018) Mesoporous activated carbon from corn stalk core for lithium ion batteries. Chem Phys 506:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.03.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chen H, Armand M, Demailly G, Dolhem F, Poizot P, Tarascon JM (2008) From biomass to a renewable LiXC6O6 organic electrode for sustainable li-ion batteries. ChemSusChem 1:348–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200700161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Liang Y, Zhang P, Yang S, Tao Z, Chen J (2013) Fused heteroaromatic organic compounds for high-power electrodes of rechargeable lithium batteries. Adv Energy Mater 3:600–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Song Z, Zhan H, Zhou Y (2009) Anthraquinone based polymer as high performance cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Chem Commun 4:448–450. https://doi.org/10.1039/B814515F

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Yao M, Ando H, Kiyobayashi T (2013) Dialkoxybenzoquinone-type active materials for rechargeable lithium batteries: the effect of the alkoxy group length on the cycle-stability. Energy Procedia 34:880–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Yao M, Numoto T, Araki M, Ando H, Takeshita HT, Kiyobayashi T (2014) Long cycle-life organic electrode material based on an ionic naphthoquinone derivative for rechargeable batteries. Energy Procedia 56:228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang S, Wang L, Zhang K, Zhu Z, Tao Z, Chen J (2013) Organic Li 4 C 8 H 2 O 6 nanosheets for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett 13:6–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Singh VK, Rao OS, Singh RA (1996) Rechargeable organic batteries based on charge-transfer materials-II: compositional dependence and charge-discharge characteristics of aromatic diamine-iodine systems. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 3:201–206. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40709h.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Walker W, Grugeon S, Mentre O, Laruelle S, Tarascon JM, Wudl F (2010) Ethoxycarbonyl-based organic electrode for Li-batteries. J Am Chem Soc 132:6517–6523. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1012849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rong Y, Ku Z, Mei A, Liu T, Xu M, Ko S, Li X, Han H (2014) Hole-conductor-free mesoscopic TiO2/CH3NH 3PbI3 heterojunction solar cells based on anatase nanosheets and carbon counter electrodes. J Phys Chem Lett 5:2160–2164. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz500833z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Xu X, Meng Z, Zhu X, Zhang S, Han WQ (2018) Biomass carbon composited FeS2as cathode materials for high-rate rechargeable lithium-ion battery. J Power Sources 380:12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Versaci D, Nasi R, Zubair U, Amici J, Sgroi M, Dumitrescu MA, Francia C, Bodoardo S, Penazzi N (2017) New eco-friendly low-cost binders for Li-ion anodes. J Solid State Electrochem 21:3429–3435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3665-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Liu J, Zhang Q, Wu Z-Y, Wu J-H, Li J-T, Huang L, Sun S-G (2014) A high-performance alginate hydrogel binder for the Si/C anode of a Li-ion battery. Chem Commun 50:6386. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc00081a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kovalenko I, Zdyrko B, Magasinski A, Hertzberg B, Milicev Z, Burtovyy R, Luzinov I, Yushin G (2011) A major constituent of brown algae for use in high-capacity Li-ion batteries. Science (80-.) 334:75–79. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wu ZH, Yang JY, Yu B, Shi BM, Zhao CR, Yu ZL (2016) Self-healing alginate–carboxymethyl chitosan porous scaffold as an effective binder for silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Rare Metals:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-016-0753-0

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Omid Norouzi & Francesco Di Maria

  2. LAR5 Laboratory, Dipertimento di Ingegneria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Omid Norouzi & Francesco Di Maria

  3. Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Pejman Salimi

  4. School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    S. E. M. Pourhosseini

  5. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Farid Safari

Authors
  1. Omid Norouzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pejman Salimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Di Maria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. E. M. Pourhosseini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Farid Safari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Di Maria .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

    Zhen Fang

  2. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Richard L. Smith, Jr

  3. School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

    Xiao-Fei Tian

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Norouzi, O., Salimi, P., Di Maria, F., Pourhosseini, S.E.M., Safari, F. (2019). Synthesis and Design of Engineered Biochars as Electrode Materials in Energy Storage Systems. In: Fang, Z., Smith, Jr, R., Tian, XF. (eds) Production of Materials from Sustainable Biomass Resources . Biofuels and Biorefineries, vol 9. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3768-0_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation