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Bioinformatics: Nuances in Granting IP Protection

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Intellectual Property Issues in Microbiology

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Abstract

A society is built upon the information gathered by generations, left for advanced usage and analysis by the future generation. Besides books, scrolls and stone carvings, information have been carried around through genes, and its components, since always. Such information, commonly referred to as bioinformatics, requires preservation for continuous research. While the research upon bioinformatics have changed the dimensions of the inventions being carried out in this field, at the same time, it has also created a debate for protection of such information and means to extract and analyse them. This chapter explains the historical development of the term bioinformatics and explains its commercial and scientific value in the modern world. Furthermore, the chapter also deals with different types of IP protections available to bioinformatics, its researchers and benefactors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bruce Birren et al. (eds) (1975) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual, Vol 1, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York, p 1–36.

  2. 2.

    Cynthia Gibas (2001) Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills, O’Reilly, California, p 9–10.

  3. 3.

    See Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis Ouellette (eds) (2004) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Wiley, New York.

  4. 4.

    Working Draft of the Human Genome Project was published for public in February 2001. See generally National Human Genome Research Institute (2016) An Overview of the Human Genome Project. https://www.genome.gov/12011238/an-overview-of-the-human-genome-project/. Accessed on 12 Sep 2017.

  5. 5.

    Luscombe NM et al. (2001) What is bioinformatics? A proposed definition and overview of the field. Methods of Information in Medicine 40(4):346–58.

  6. 6.

    See Aris Persisis (2000) Data Mining in Biotechnology. Nature of Biotechnology 18:237.

  7. 7.

    See generally National Human Genome Research Institute. https://www.genome.gov. Accessed on 12 Sep 2017.

  8. 8.

    S. M. Thampi, Bioinformatics. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0911/0911.4230.pdf. Accessed on 12 Sep 2017.

  9. 9.

    See generally Glyn Moody (2004) Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business, Wiley Publications, New York.

  10. 10.

    J Okpuzor, Introduction to Bioinformatics, National Open University of Nigeria. http://nouedu.net/sites/default/files/2017-03/BIO%20316_0.pdf. Accessed on 12 Sep 2017.

  11. 11.

    T.C. Hodgman (2000) A Historical Perspective on Gene/Protein Functional Assignment. Bioinformatics, 16(1):10–15.

  12. 12.

    See generally GenBank Overview: What is GenBank? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/. Accessed on 15 Sep 2017.

  13. 13.

    Cindy Pham Lorentz et al. (2002) Primer on Medical Genomics. Mayo Clin. Proc. 77: 773–782.

  14. 14.

    John Thackray (2001) Bioinformatics Grows Legs.Elec. Business; as cited in M. Scott McBride (2002) Bioinformatics and Intellectual Property Protection. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17:1331.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    See G. Zweiger (2001) Transducing The Genome: Information, Anarchy and Revolution in the Biomedical Sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 161.

  17. 17.

    See M.J. Malinowski, Law, Policy, and Market Implications of Genetic Profiling in Drug Development. https://law.hofstra.edu/pdf/facwor_malinowski_paper.pdf. Accessed on 15 Sep 2017.

  18. 18.

    Kenneth Offit (2011) Personalized Medicine: New Genomics, Old Lessons. Human Genetics 130 (1):3–14.

  19. 19.

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  20. 20.

    Gareth Dickson (2013) Edwards Wildman Palmer LLP: Protecting Bioinformatics as Intellectual Property. IEEE Computer Society, 46(1):15–17.

  21. 21.

    DNA Sequencing Costs, Data from NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). https://www.genome.gov/sequencingcostsdata/. Accessed on 15 Sep 2017.

  22. 22.

    Valerie A. Walshe et al. (2009) Integrating In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Peptide Binding Affinity to HLA-Cw*0102: A Bioinformatic Approach to the Prediction of New Epitopes. PLOS One 4(11): e8095 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008095

  23. 23.

    Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, 569 U.S. 12–398 (2013).

  24. 24.

    See Benjamin Lewin (1997) Genes VI, Oxford University Press, New York.

  25. 25.

    B. Albert et al. (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, New York.

  26. 26.

    See Benjamin Lewin (1997) Genes VI, Oxford University Press, New York.

  27. 27.

    H Lodish et al. (2000) Molecular Cell Biology, W. H. Freeman, New York.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    Cynthia Gibas et al. (2001) Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills, O’Reilly, California, p 9–10.

  31. 31.

    Nayanah Siva (2009) Myriad Wins BRCA1 Row. Nature Biotechnology 27:8.

  32. 32.

    Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, 569 U.S. 12-398 (2013).

  33. 33.

    H Liu & L, Wong (2003) Data Mining Tools For Biological Sequences. Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 1(1):139–67.

  34. 34.

    See GeneBee, BLAST: Basic Overview. http://www.genebee.msu.su/blast/blast_overview.html. Accessed on 22 Sep 2017.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    L. Feng et al. (2000) Aminotransferase Activity and Bioinformatic Analysis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylate Synthase. Biochemistry 39(49):15242–49.

  37. 37.

    James Tisdall (2003) Mastering Perl for Bioinformatics, O’Reilly, California.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    F. Ferrari et al. (2007) Novel definition files for human GeneChips based on GeneAnnot. BMC Bioinformatics 8:446.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    D. Fernandez et al. (2003) IP strategy in Bioinformatics and Biochips. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society 85:465–69.

  43. 43.

    C.A. Ouzounis et al. (2003) Early Bioinformatics: the Birth of a Discipline. Bioinformatics Review 19(7):2176–2190.

  44. 44.

    For discussion on IP protection to isolated genes in India see generally Abhijeet Kumar et al. (2015) Gene Patenting vis-à-vis Notion of Patentability. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 20(6):349–362.

  45. 45.

    Raguvaran Gopalan (2009) Bioinformatics: Scope of Intellectual Property Protection. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights14 (1): 46–51.

  46. 46.

    State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group 149 F. 3d 1368.

  47. 47.

    D. S. Chisum (2000) Chisum on Patents, Vol. 1, Lexis Publishing, New York, p 78.3.

  48. 48.

    Section 3, Indian Patent Act, 1970.

  49. 49.

    M. Scott McBride (2002) Bioinformatics and Intellectual Property Protection. Berkeley Tech. L.J. 17:1331.

  50. 50.

    Feist Publication Inc v. Rural Telephone Service CO 499 US 340.

  51. 51.

    M. J. Davision (2003) The Legal Protection of Databases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 11.

  52. 52.

    Directive 96/09/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Legal Protection of Databases.

  53. 53.

    Section 2 (o), Indian Copyright Act, 1957.

  54. 54.

    M. Risch (2007) Why do we have trade secrets?. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review 11:1–75.

  55. 55.

    See Uniform Trade Secret Act, 1979 (USA).

  56. 56.

    Abhijeet Kumar et al. (2015) Protecting Trade Secrets in India. Journal of World Intellectual Property 18(6):335–346.

  57. 57.

    Abhijeet Kumar (2017) IP Protection to Software: Conflict between Indian Provisions and Practice. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 22(5):247–256.

  58. 58.

    Manuel Castells and Gustavo Cardoso (2005) The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy, Center for Transatlantic Relations, Washington DC.

  59. 59.

    Avinash Kumar (2000) According Legal Protection to Intellectual Property Rights in Softwares, Directorate of Extramural Research & Intellectual Property Rights, Defence Research & Development Organisations, p 4–43.

  60. 60.

    Bronwyn H Hall (2002) On Copyright and Patent Protection for Software and Databases: A Tale of Two Worlds, Paper for Granstrand Volume. https://eml.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/BHH%20OGvol02.pdf. Accessed on 22 Sep 2017.

  61. 61.

    John Swinson (1991) Copyright or Patent or Both: An Algorithmic Approach to Computer Software Protection. Harv. Journ. of Law and Tech. 5:145.

  62. 62.

    Abhijeet Kumar et al. (2015) Protecting Trade Secrets in India. Journal of World Intellectual Property 18(6):335–346.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    Bronwyn H Hall (2002) On Copyright and Patent Protection for Software and Databases: A Tale of Two Worlds, Paper for Granstrand Volume. https://eml.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/BHH%20OGvol02.pdf. Accessed on 22 Sep 2017.

  65. 65.

    Yogesh Suman & V K Gupta (2002) Patenting Issues in Software Industry. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights7(6):516–525.

  66. 66.

    V K Gupta (2001) Managing Software Protection. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 6(6):277–285.

  67. 67.

    Abhijeet Kumar (2017) IP Protection to Software: Conflict between Indian Provisions and Practice. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 22(5):247–256.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Abhijeet Kumar

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Correspondence to Abhijeet Kumar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Harikesh Bahadur Singh

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Chetan Keswani

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Surya Pratap Singh

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Kumar, A. (2019). Bioinformatics: Nuances in Granting IP Protection. In: Singh, H., Keswani, C., Singh, S. (eds) Intellectual Property Issues in Microbiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7466-1_6

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