Abstract
Viet Nam is currently one of the most dynamic economies increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The country faces multiple challenges such as meeting energy demand, changing the energy mix as well as responding to climate change. In order to address how policies can contribute to creating synergies between climate change and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), this chapter focuses on SDG7 (affordable and clean energy). More concretely, key questions are how Viet Nam plans to achieve transition to green growth by scaling up renewable energy and where major barriers lie. Based on the recent progress in this policy area, it considers prospects for closer cooperation on sustainable development, climate change and renewable energy between the EU and Viet Nam.
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Notes
- 1.
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/ (last accessed on 28 July 2019)
Two other targets, 7.A and 7.B are outside the scope of this chapter.
- 2.
Ibid. Targets 13.A and 13.B are outside the scope of this chapter.
- 3.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview#1 (last accessed on 28 August 2020).
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
DA5 may be also called ASEAN5. These five countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam.
- 6.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/vietnam (last accessed on 31 July 2019).
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
The original plan sets a target to increase the share of electricity generated by renewable energy from 3.5% in 2010 to 4.5% by 2020, then to 6% by 2030 (ADB 2015b).
- 9.
One CER is equivalent to one tonne of CO2. https://cdm.unfccc.int/about/index.html (last accessed on 1 August 2019).
- 10.
A Programme of Activities (PoA) allows a developing country to register the coordinated implementation of a policy, measure or goal that leads to emission reductions. https://cdm.unfccc.int/ProgrammeOfActivities/index.html (last accessed on 1 August 2019).
- 11.
CDM project distribution within host countries by region and by type (last updated on 1 June 2019) http://cdmpipeline.org (last accessed 28 June 2019).
- 12.
https://unfccc.int/topics/mitigation/workstreams/nationally-appropriate-mitigation-actions (last accessed on 1 August 2019).
- 13.
- 14.
http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/Wind_NAMA_in_Vietnam (last accessed on 24 July 2019).
- 15.
International support may be provided through bilateral and multilateral cooperation as well as the implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement. Although these mechanisms were stipulated in Articles 6.2 and 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, their modalities and rules remain to be decided at the Conference of Parties. Media reported that the Prime Minister approved the updated NDC in July 2020 and the MONRE would submit it to the UNFCCC secretariat. According to this report, Viet Nam under the updated NDC will reduce GHG emissions by 9% by 2030 and by up to 27% with international support. https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-raises-contributions-to-global-effort-to-respond-to-climate-change/179861.vnp (last accessed on 30 August 2020).
- 16.
An ACT is set and adjusted annually based on the estimated cost of the marginal thermal generator on the system (ADB 2015b).
- 17.
Although experts’ updates and summaries of three drafts were available, the author was not able to obtain information about the final decision during this research.
- 18.
Generation costs are expressed as the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE). It is a commonly used metric of generation costs to represent the net present value of the unit cost of electricity during the lifetime of a particular electricity generation technology (Lee et al. 2019).
- 19.
Until 2018, FIT for wind power was set at US¢7.80/KWh of which EVN paid power producers US¢ 6.80/KWh and the VEPF paid them US¢ 1.0/KWh (ADB 2015b). From 2018, with a fixed price of electricity at US¢6.8/KWh paid by EVN, power producers receive US¢1.7/KWh for onshore wind and US¢3.0/KWh for near-shore wind from the government (Do and Hoffmann 2019). See Table 6.6.
- 20.
https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/vietnam_en/1897/Vietnam%20and%20the%20EU (Last accessed on 3 August 2019).
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Fujiwara, N. (2021). Increasing Synergies Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Energy Policy. In: Venkatramanan, V., Shah, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Exploring Synergies and Trade-offs between Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7301-9_9
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