Abstract
Actinobacteria (Actinomycetes) comprise diverse and ancient phyla of the bacteria with important properties for biotechnology. Large genomes and (mega)plasmids pose a gigantic reservoir of genetic information resulting in interesting and often powerful catabolic and anabolic pathways. Hence, many actinobacteria are able to utilize all kinds of carbon sources and have either evolved specific pathways or perform co-metabolism. In addition, their anabolic capabilities are enormous. Interestingly, natural products, some already being exploited by industries and produced in large amounts, are primary or secondary metabolites of actinobacteria. Among those natural products, the class of siderophores is gaining increasing attention in recent years. These compounds have the ability to coordinate iron or other metal and metalloid ions, earning themselves the name metallophores. Their natural role is to mobilize iron and selected other metal ions to supply the producing and secreting organism with nutrients. Thus, they allow microbes to colonize new habitats or maintain their metabolic activity even under limiting conditions. Siderophores provide access to various applications, and herein, we will highlight and discuss some prominent but also emerging examples, such as phytomining, soil remediation, and medical or imaging applications.
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Abbreviations
- 2,3-DHBL:
-
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP-ligase
- 2,3-diDHB:
-
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate
- 2,3-diHA:
-
2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilate
- ACAD:
-
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- ACS:
-
Acyl-CoA synthase
- ADIC:
-
2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate
- ArCP:
-
Aryl carrier protein
- AS:
-
Anthranilate synthase
- DFO:
-
Desferrioxamine
- DHB:
-
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate
- FAD:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FRET:
-
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- HA:
-
3-hydroxyanthranilate
- HAC:
-
N-hydroxy-N-acetylcadaverine
- hCad:
-
N-hydroxycadaverine
- hOrn:
-
N-hydroxyornithine
- HSC :
-
N-hydroxy-N-succinylcadaverine
- IC:
-
Isochorismatase
- ICS:
-
Isochorismate synthase
- IM:
-
Inner membrane
- LDC:
-
Lysine decarboxylase
- MA-DFO:
-
N-methylanthranyl desferrioxamine
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- MM:
-
Minimal medium
- NAD(P)+:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), oxidized form
- NAD(P)H:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), reduced form
- NIS:
-
NRPS-independent synthase
- NMO:
-
N-hydroxylating monooxygenase
- NRPS domains:
-
A: Adenylation; C: Condensation; E: Epimerization; TE: Thioesterase; PCP: Peptidyl carrier protein
- NRPS:
-
Non-ribosomal peptide synthase
- OM:
-
Outer membrane
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- PET:
-
Positron emission spectroscopy
- PKS domains:
-
ACP: Acyl carrier protein; AT: Acyltransferase; DH: Dehydratase; ER: Enoyl reductase; KR: β-ketoreductase; KS: Ketosynthase
- PKS:
-
Polyketide synthase
- PLP:
-
Pyridoxal phosphate
- proCP:
-
Proline carrier protein
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SCI:
-
Spinal cord injuries
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Acknowledgements
All authors were supported by the Federal Ministry for Innovation, Science and Research of North Rhine–Westphalia (PtJ-TRI/1141ng006). We thank the DECHEMA for providing a Max-Buchner Scholarship to Dirk Tischler (MBFSt 3646). Further, the research in this direction was supported by Junior Research Grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BakSolEx 033R147).
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Maier, A., Mügge, C., Tischler, D. (2022). Biotechnological Aspects of Siderophore Biosynthesis by Actinobacteria. In: Rai, R.V., Bai, J.A. (eds) Natural Products from Actinomycetes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6132-7_17
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