Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the key causes of deaths and disabilities worldwide. TBI progresses in two phases. The primary phase of injury is the direct result of the physical damage caused by the external force applied to the brain while the secondary injury takes place minutes to days after the primary injury. The secondary phase of TBI is marked by a series of pathological events that start following the initial mechanical impact. The mechanisms underlying TBI pathogenesis in the secondary phase are intricate and include metabolic alterations, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others; all culminating in neuronal cell damage and death. Currently, there is no FDA-licensed drug that targets TBI. Hence, the search for novel therapeutic agents that can target one or more of the mechanisms underlying the pathology of the secondary phase of TBI is warranted. Such novel therapeutic agents are expected to ameliorate the adverse consequences of TBI.
Over the years, evidence has accumulated regarding the role of phytochemicals as novel agents in the management of TBI. Phytochemicals are a class of micronutrients composed of herbal or plant secondary metabolites. Phytochemicals offer appropriate candidates for the treatment of TBI since their use can warrant the inhibition of the progression of the secondary injury and the activation of major neuroprotective signaling pathways following TBI. In this regards, phytochemicals have been acknowledged to cause a significant decrease in neuronal injury through different mechanisms including the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor leading to activation of several antioxidant enzyme systems such as superoxide dismutase, inhibition of NADPH oxidases (NOX) enzymes, suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and reduction of the release of inflammatory mediators, suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, stimulation of neurogenesis by activating neurotrophic factors (BDNF), among others.
As such, chapter aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of phytochemicals in TBI by reviewing the available literature.
In this chapter, we introduce TBI and the mechanisms that underlie its pathology. Also, we overview the current conventional strategies that are being used to manage TBI. Then, we overview phytochemicals and explore their use in the management of diseases with a special focus on their use in the treatment of neurological diseases. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potentials of phytochemicals in the management of TBI by focusing on six phytochemicals: ginseng, curcumin, coumarin, genistein, apocynin, and baicalein. We review the available literature on the use of these phytochemicals in the context of TBI. In addition, we document the recent studies aimed that discuss the in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by these phytochemicals.
We conclude that all of the studied phytochemicals have shown experimental preclinical promise. But, well-designed and controlled clinical trials are urgently needed to demonstrate their safety and efficacy in order to realize their benefits in human TBI patients.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdelmalik PA, Draghic N, Ling GSF (2019) Management of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Transfusion 59(S2):1529–1538. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.15171
Alderson P, Roberts I (2005) Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD000196. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000196.pub2
de Andrade Teles RB, Diniz TC, Costa Pinto TC, de Oliveira Júnior RG, Gama ESM, de Lavor ÉM, da Silva Almeida JRE (2018) Flavonoids as therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: A systematic review of preclinical evidences. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2018:7043213. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7043213
Angeloni C, Prata C, Dalla Sega FV, Piperno R, Hrelia S (2015) Traumatic brain injury and NADPH oxidase: a deep relationship. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2015:370312. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/370312
Anghinah R, Amorim RLO, Paiva WS, Schmidt MT, Ianof JN (2018) Traumatic brain injury pharmacological treatment: recommendations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 76(2):100–103. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20170196
Ansari MA, Abdul HM, Joshi G, Opii WO, Butterfield DA (2009) Protective effect of quercetin in primary neurons against Abeta(1-42): relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 20(4):269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.03.002
Arablou T, Aryaeian N, Valizadeh M, Sharifi F, Hosseini A, Djalali M (2014) The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Food Sci Nutr 65(4):515–520. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.880671
Ardah MT, Paleologou KE, Lv G, Menon SA, Abul Khair SB, Lu JH et al (2015) Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits fibrillation and toxicity of alpha-synuclein and disaggregates preformed fibrils. Neurobiol Dis 74:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.007
Attari F, Ghadiri T, Hashemi M (2020) Combination of curcumin with autologous transplantation of adult neural stem/progenitor cells leads to more efficient repair of damaged cerebral tissue of rat. Exp Physiol 105(9):1610–1622. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep088697
Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Junaid M, Ullah F, Ovais M, Ullah I et al (2019) Flavonoids as prospective Neuroprotectants and their therapeutic propensity in aging associated neurological disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 11:155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00155
Bagul PK, Banerjee SK (2015) Application of resveratrol in diabetes: rationale, strategies and challenges. Curr Mol Med 15(4):312–330. https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524015666150505155702
Bakoyiannis I, Daskalopoulou A, Pergialiotis V, Perrea D (2019) Phytochemicals and cognitive health: are flavonoids doing the trick? Biomed Pharmacother 109:1488–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.086
Balashov KE, Rottman JB, Weiner HL, Hancock WW (1999) CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(12):6873–6878. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.12.6873
Bishayee A, Barnes KF, Bhatia D, Darvesh AS, Carroll RT (2010) Resveratrol suppresses oxidative stress and inflammatory response in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3(6):753–763. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.Capr-09-0171
Bragge P, Synnot A, Maas AI, Menon DK, Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Gruen RL (2016) A state-of-the-science overview of randomized controlled trials evaluating acute management of moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 33(16):1461–1478. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4233
Capiralla H, Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Sankowski R, Al-Abed Y, Davies P, Marambaud P (2012) Resveratrol mitigates lipopolysaccharide- and Aβ-mediated microglial inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signaling cascade. J Neurochem 120(3):461–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07594.x
Carella AM, Marinelli T, Melfitano A, Di Pumpo M, Conte M, Benvenuto A (2017) Hypoglycemia by ginseng in type 2 diabetic patient: case report. Heighpubs Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome 1:001–006
Carmona V, Martín-Aragón S, Goldberg J, Schubert D, Bermejo-Bescós P (2020) Several targets involved in Alzheimer's disease amyloidogenesis are affected by morin and isoquercitrin. Nutr Neurosci 23(8):575–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415x.2018.1534793
Carre E, Ogier M, Boret H, Montcriol A, Bourdon L, Jean-Jacques R (2013) Metabolic crisis in severely Head-injured patients: is ischemia just the tip of the iceberg? Front Neurol 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2013.00146
Chen SF, Hsu CW, Huang WH, Wang JY (2008) Post-injury baicalein improves histological and functional outcomes and reduces inflammatory cytokines after experimental traumatic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol 155(8):1279–1296. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.345
Chen J, Bai Q, Zhao Z, Sui H, Xie X (2016) Ginsenoside represses symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy by promoting transforming growth factor-β1. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25(3):549–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.004
Chen H, Wu F, Yang P, Shao J, Chen Q, Zheng R (2019) A meta-analysis of the effects of therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care 23(1):396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2667-3
Cheng X, Wang J, Sun X, Shao L, Guo Z, Li Y (2019) Morphological and functional alterations of astrocytes responding to traumatic brain injury. J Integr Neurosci 18(2):203–215. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin.2019.02.110
Choi JH, Choi AY, Yoon H, Choe W, Yoon KS, Ha J et al (2010) Baicalein protects HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and CHOP induction. Exp Mol Med 42(12):811–822. https://doi.org/10.3858/emm.2010.42.12.084
Choi BY, Jang BG, Kim JH, Lee BE, Sohn M, Song HK, Suh SW (2012) Prevention of traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal death by inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation. Brain Res 1481:49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.032
Cox CS Jr (2018) Cellular therapy for traumatic neurological injury. Pediatr Res 83(1–2):325–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2017.253
Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2013) Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830(6):3670–3695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008
Crawford C, Teo L, Yang E, Isbister C, Berry K (2017) Is hyperbaric oxygen therapy effective for traumatic brain injury? A rapid evidence assessment of the literature and recommendations for the field. J Head Trauma Rehabil 32(3):E27–E37. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000256
Dai W, Wang H, Fang J, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Wang X et al (2018) Curcumin provides neuroprotection in model of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 140:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.020
Daly S, Thorpe M, Rockswold S, Hubbard M, Bergman T, Samadani U, Rockswold G (2018) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of acute severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma 35(4):623–629. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5225
Dar A, Faizi S, Naqvi S, Roome T, Zikr-ur-Rehman S, Ali M et al (2005) Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure activity relationship. Biol Pharm Bull 28(4):596–600. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.596
Dekmak A, Mantash S, Shaito A, Toutonji A, Ramadan N, Ghazale H et al (2018) Stem cells and combination therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 340:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.039
Dey A, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee A, Pandey DK (2017) Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 35(2):178–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005
Diaz-Arrastia R, Kochanek PM, Bergold P, Kenney K, Marx CE, Grimes CJ et al (2014) Pharmacotherapy of traumatic brain injury: state of the science and the road forward: report of the Department of Defense Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup. J Neurotrauma 31(2):135–158. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3019
Donat CK, Scott G, Gentleman SM, Sastre M (2017) Microglial activation in traumatic brain injury. Front Aging Neurosci 9:208–208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00208
Dong J, Wang J, Fang J, Feng R, Yuan Z, Lu K et al (2013) Effects of ginsenosides Rb1 on learning and memory and expression of somatostatin in sleep deprivation rats. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 42(2):197–204
Dong W, Yang R, Yang J, Yang J, Ding J, Wu H, Zhang J (2015) Resveratrol pretreatment protects rat hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury partly via a NALP3 inflammasome pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(8):8731–8741
Dong W, Yang B, Wang L, Li B, Guo X, Zhang M et al (2018) Curcumin plays neuroprotective roles against traumatic brain injury partly via Nrf2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 346:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.020
Dutta K, Ghosh D, Basu A (2009) Curcumin protects neuronal cells from Japanese encephalitis virus-mediated cell death and also inhibits infective viral particle formation by dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 4(3):328–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-009-9158-2
Dykes L (2019) Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Methods Mol Biol 1931:121–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9039-9_9
Edwards P, Arango M, Balica L, Cottingham R, El-Sayed H, Farrell B et al (2005) Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 365(9475):1957–1959. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66552-X
Fang J, Wang H, Zhou J, Dai W, Zhu Y, Zhou Y et al (2018) Baicalin provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury mice model through Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 12:2497–2508. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S163951
Fang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Cao B, Fei M, Niu W et al (2019) Baicalin protects mice brain from apoptosis in traumatic brain injury model through activation of autophagy. Front Neurosci 12(1006). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.01006
Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S, Roshanravan B, Peivasteh-Roudsari L (2020) Impact of curcumin on traumatic brain injury and involved molecular signaling pathways. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 11(2):137–144. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666190617161523
Feng Y, Cui C, Liu X, Wu Q, Hu F, Zhang H et al (2017) Protective role of Apocynin via suppression of neuronal autophagy and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Res 42(11):3296–3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2372-z
Ferreira AP, Rodrigues FS, Della-Pace ID, Mota BC, Oliveira SM, Velho Gewehr CC, Royes LF (2013) The effect of NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin on cognitive impairment induced by moderate lateral fluid percussion injury: role of inflammatory and oxidative brain damage. Neurochem Int 63(6):583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.012
Flanagan E, Müller M, Hornberger M, Vauzour D (2018) Impact of flavonoids on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Curr Nutr Rep 7(2):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-018-0226-1
Forni C, Facchiano F, Bartoli M, Pieretti S, Facchiano A, D'Arcangelo D et al (2019) Beneficial role of phytochemicals on oxidative stress and age-related diseases. Biomed Res Int 2019:8748253. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8748253
Frishman WH, Beravol P, Carosella C (2009) Alternative and complementary medicine for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. Dis Mon 55(3):121–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.12.002
Ganjali S, Blesso CN, Banach M, Pirro M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A (2017) Effects of curcumin on HDL functionality. Pharmacol Res 119:208–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.008
Gao Z, Wen Q, Xia Y, Yang J, Gao P, Zhang N et al (2014) Osthole augments therapeutic efficiency of neural stem cells-based therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Sci 124(1):54–65. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.13144fp
Gonzalez-Abuin N, Pinent M, Casanova-Marti A, Arola L, Blay M, Ardevol A (2015) Procyanidins and their healthy protective effects against type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Chem 22(1):39–50. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140916115519
Granzotto A, Zatta P (2011) Resveratrol acts not through anti-aggregative pathways but mainly via its scavenging properties against Aβ and Aβ-metal complexes toxicity. PLoS One 6(6):e21565. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021565
Guo Z, Niu X, Xiao T, Lu J, Li W, Zhao Y (2015) Chemical profile and inhibition of α-glycosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activities by flavonoids from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). J Funct Foods 14:324–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.003
Guo YJ, Dong SY, Cui XX, Feng Y, Liu T, Yin M et al (2016) Resveratrol alleviates MPTP-induced motor impairments and pathological changes by autophagic degradation of α-synuclein via SIRT1-deacetylated LC3. Mol Nutr Food Res 60(10):2161–2175. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600111
Harvey A (2000) Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug Discov Today 5(7):294–300
Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J, Torti FM, Torti SV (2008) Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials. Cell Mol Life Sci 65(11):1631–1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-7452-4
He Y, Qu S, Wang J, He X, Lin W, Zhen H, Zhang X (2012) Neuroprotective effects of osthole pretreatment against traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 1433:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.027
He Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Hou Y, Li L, Zhao J (2017) Resveratrol alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through Sirt1-dependent autophagy induction. Int Immunopharmacol 50:208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.029
He Q, Jiang L, Man S, Wu L, Hu Y, Chen W (2018) Curcumin reduces neuronal loss and inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome activation in an epileptic rat model. Curr Neurovasc Res 15(3):186–192. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567202615666180731100224
Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (2020) Hyperbaric Oxygen Brain Injury Treatment Trial (HOBIT). From Clinicaltrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02407028?cond=hobit&draw=2&rank=1#studydesign
Hong KW, Shin HK, Kim CD, Lee WS, Rhim BY (2001) Restoration of vasodilation and CBF autoregulation by genistein in rat pial artery after brain injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281(1):H308–H315. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.1.H308
Hou W, Wang Y, Zheng P, Cui R (2020) Effects of ginseng on neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 14(55). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00055
Houston DMJ, Robins B, Bugert JJ, Denyer SP, Heard CM (2017) In vitro permeation and biological activity of punicalagin and zinc (II) across skin and mucous membranes prone to herpes simplex virus infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 96:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.013
Hu BY, Liu XJ, Qiang R, Jiang ZL, Xu LH, Wang GH et al (2014) Treatment with ginseng total saponins improves the neurorestoration of rat after traumatic brain injury. J Ethnopharmacol 155(2):1243–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.009
Hu J, Zeng C, Wei J, Duan F, Liu S, Zhao Y, Tan H (2020) The combination of Panax ginseng and Angelica sinensis alleviates ischemia brain injury by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and microglial pyroptosis. Phytomedicine 76:153251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153251
Huang T, Zhao J, Guo D, Pang H, Zhao Y, Song J (2018) Curcumin mitigates axonal injury and neuronal cell apoptosis through the PERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway following diffuse axonal injury. Neuroreport 29(8):661–677. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000001015
James Arthur Holland DKJ (1999) United States patent no. Google patents: R. F. o. S. U. o. N. York
Jeong HG, Ko YH, Oh SY, Han C, Kim T, Joe SH (2015) Effect of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for women with residual symptoms of major depression. Asia Pac Psychiatry 7(3):330–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12169
Ji YC, Kim YB, Park SW, Hwang SN, Min BK, Hong HJ et al (2005) Neuroprotective effect of ginseng total saponins in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Korean Med Sci 20(2):291–296. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2005.20.2.291
Jin C, Wang ZZ, Zhou H, Lou YX, Chen J, Zuo W et al (2017) Ginsenoside Rg1-induced antidepressant effects involve the protection of astrocyte gap junctions within the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 75:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.006
Joseph J, Cole G, Head E, Ingram D (2009) Nutrition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 29(41):12795–12801. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3520-09.2009
Kalyana Sundaram I, Sarangi DD, Sundararajan V, George S, Sheik Mohideen S (2018) Poly herbal formulation with anti-elastase and anti-oxidant properties for skin anti-aging. BMC Complement Altern Med 18(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2097-9
Kambe Y, Nakamichi N, Takarada T, Fukumori R, Nakazato R, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y (2011) A possible pivotal role of mitochondrial free calcium in neurotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurochem Int 59(1):10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.018
Kaur P, Sharma S (2018) Recent advances in pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 16(8):1224–1238. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x15666170613083606
Kelso ML, Gendelman HE (2014) Bridge between neuroimmunity and traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des 20(26):4284–4298
Kenny EM, Fidan E, Yang Q, Anthonymuthu TS, New LA, Meyer EA et al (2019) Ferroptosis contributes to neuronal death and functional outcome after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 47(3):410–418. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003555
Khatri DK, Juvekar AR (2016) Neuroprotective effect of curcumin as evinced by abrogation of rotenone-induced motor deficits, oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunctions in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 150-151:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.002
Kim JH (2012) Cardiovascular diseases and Panax ginseng: A review on molecular mechanisms and medical applications. J Ginseng Res 36(1):16–26. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.16
Kim MH, Kim SH, Yang WM (2014) Mechanisms of action of phytochemicals from medicinal herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Planta Med 80(15):1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1383038
Kim E, Kim S, Park Y (2015) Sorghum extract exerts cholesterol-lowering effects through the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 66(3):308–313. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.1000839
Kim S, Mortera M, Hu X, Krishnan S, Hoffecker L, Herrold A et al (2019) Overview of pharmacological interventions after traumatic brain injuries: impact on selected outcomes. Brain Inj 33(4):442–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1565896
Kobeissy F, Moshourab RA (2015) Frontiers in neuroengineering autoantibodies in CNS trauma and neuropsychiatric disorders: a new generation of biomarkers. In: Kobeissy FH (ed) Brain neurotrauma: molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Kong L, Yao Y, Xia Y, Liang X, Ni Y, Yang J (2019) Osthole alleviates inflammation by down-regulating NF-kappaB signaling pathway in traumatic brain injury. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 41(2):349–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2019.1608560
Kovacs GG (2014) Current-Concepts-Of-Neurodegenerative-Diseases. EMJ Neurol. 1:78–86
Krupashree K, Hemanth Kumar K, Rachitha P, Jayashree GV, Khanum F (2014) Chemical composition, antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. South Afr J Bot 94:249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.001
Kumar A, Rinwa P, Dhar H (2014) Microglial inhibitory effect of ginseng ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation following traumatic head injury in rats. Inflammopharmacology 22(3):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-013-0187-3
Kumari Varsha, A. S., Amanpreet Kaur, Jitender Madan, Ravi S. Pandey, Upendra K. Jain, and Ramesh Chandra. (2017). Nanostructures for cancer therapy: micro and nano technologies Elsevier ScienceDirect: Elsevier.
Lafeber FP, Beukelman CJ, van den Worm E, van Roy JL, Vianen ME, van Roon JA et al (1999) Apocynin, a plant-derived, cartilage-saving drug, might be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38(11):1088–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/38.11.1088
Laird MD, Sukumari-Ramesh S, Swift AE, Meiler SE, Vender JR, Dhandapani KM (2010) Curcumin attenuates cerebral edema following traumatic brain injury in mice: a possible role for aquaporin-4? J Neurochem 113(3):637–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06630.x
Lee KJ, Ji GE (2014) The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids. Nutr Neurosci 17(1):7–15. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830513y.0000000059
Lee CH, Kim JH (2014) A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 38(3):161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.03.001
Lee YW, Lee WH (2008) Protective effects of genistein on proinflammatory pathways in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 19(12):819–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.10.006
Lee SH, Jung BH, Choi SY, Kim SY, Lee EH, Chung BC (2006a) Influence of ginsenoside Rb1 on brain neurosteroid during acute immobilization stress. Archiv Pharm Res 29(7):566–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02969266
Lee SH, Jung BH, Kim SY, Lee EH, Chung BC (2006b) The antistress effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenoside Rg3 and Rb1 evaluated by brain polyamine level under immobilization stress. Pharmacol Res 54(1):46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2006.02.001
Lee HS, Keum KY, Ku SK (2007) Effects of Picrorrhiza rhizoma water extracts on the subacute liver damages induced by carbon tetrachloride. J Med Food 10(1):110–117. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.0114
Li Y, Tang J, Khatibi NH, Zhu M, Chen D, Tu L et al (2011) Treatment with ginsenoside rb1, a component of panax ginseng, provides neuroprotection in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 110(Pt 2):75–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_14
Li K, Ding D, Zhang M (2016) Neuroprotection of Osthole against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through an Anti-apoptotic Pathway in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 39(3):336–342. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b15-00699
Li Q, Li QQ, Jia JN, Sun QY, Zhou HH, Jin WL, Mao XY (2019) Baicalein exerts neuroprotective effects in FeCl3-induced posttraumatic epileptic seizures via suppressing ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 10:638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00638
Liang J, Yu Y, Wang B, Lu B, Zhang J, Zhang H, Ge P (2013) Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via protection of mitochondria and inhibition of AIF and cytochrome c release. Molecules 18(10):12,777–12,792. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012777
Liang W, Huang X, ChenW (2017) The effects of baicalin and baicalein on cerebral ischemia: a review. Aging Dis 8(6): 850–867. doi:https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2017.0829
Liu ZJ, Li ZH, Liu L, Tang WX, Wang Y, Dong MR, Xiao C (2016) Curcumin attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neuroinflammation via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma function in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol 7:261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00261
Loane DJ, Stoica BA, Faden AI (2015) Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol 127:343–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52,892-6.00022-2
de Lores Arnaiz GR, Ordieres MGL (2014) Brain Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in aging and disease. Int J Biomed Sci 10(2):85–102
Losy J, Niezgoda A (2001) IL-18 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 104(3):171–173. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00356.x
Lu XY, Wang HD, Xu JG, Ding K, Li T (2014) NADPH oxidase inhibition improves neurological outcome in experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 69:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.006
Mahady GB, Gyllenhaal C, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR (2000) Ginsengs: a review of safety and efficacy. Nutr Clin Care 3(2):90–101
McKee AC, Daneshvar DH (2015) The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. Elsevier. pp. 45–66
Mena JH, Sanchez AI, Rubiano AM, Peitzman AB, Sperry JL, Gutierrez MI, Puyana JC (2011) Effect of the modified Glasgow Coma Scale score criteria for mild traumatic brain injury on mortality prediction: comparing classic and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score model scores of 13. J Trauma 71(5):1185–1192.; discussion 1193. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31823321f8
Mirzaei H, Shakeri A, Rashidi B, Jalili A, Banikazemi Z, Sahebkar A (2017) Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. Biomed Pharmacother 85:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.098
Murali R, Saravanan R (2012) Antidiabetic effect of d-limonene, a monoterpene in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Prevent Nutr 2(4):269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2012.08.008
Nasser M, Bejjani F, Raad M, Abou-El-Hassan H, Mantash S, Nokkari A et al (2016) Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier Cross-Talk. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 15(9):1030–1044. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160815093525
Parastan RH, Christopher M, Torrys YS, Mahadewa TGB (2020) Combined therapy potential of apocynin and tert-butylhydroquinone as a therapeutic agent to prevent secondary progression to traumatic brain injury. Asian J Neurosurg 15(1):10–15. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_231_19
Pari L, Chandramohan R (2017) Modulatory effects of naringin on hepatic key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys 36(3):343–352. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2016055
Peeters W, Van Den Brande R, Polinder S, Brazinova A, Steyerberg EW, Lingsma HF, Maas AIR (2015) Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochirurgica 157(10):1683–1696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2512-7
Pfuhler S, Stehrer-Schmid P, Dorsch W, Wagner H, Wolf HU (1995) Investigation of genotoxic effects of the anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory drugs Apocynin and Acetosyringenin in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay and the SCE-test with human lymphocytes. Phytomedicine 1(4):319–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80010-3
Phillips S, Woessner D (2015) Sports-related traumatic brain injury. Primary Care 42(2):243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.010
Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Ledevehat C, Joubert M (1987) Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 38(1 Pt 1):46–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/000331978703800106
Porquet D, Casadesús G, Bayod S, Vicente A, Canudas AM, Vilaplana J et al (2013) Dietary resveratrol prevents Alzheimer’s markers and increases life span in SAMP8. Age (Dordr) 35(5):1851–1865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9489-4
Qi Y, Shang L, Liao Z, Su H, Jing H, Wu B et al (2019) Intracerebroventricular injection of resveratrol ameliorated Aβ-induced learning and cognitive decline in mice. Metab Brain Dis 34(1):257–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0348-6
Qian X, Wang ZR, Zheng JJ, Ding JQ, Zhong JG, Zhang TY et al (2019) Baicalein improves cognitive deficits and hippocampus impairments in temporal lobe epilepsy rats. Brain Res 1714:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.028
Raad M, Nohra E, Chams N, Itani M, Talih F, Mondello S, Kobeissy F (2014) Autoantibodies in traumatic brain injury and central nervous system trauma. Neuroscience 281:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.045
Rahmani AH, Al Zohairy MA, Aly SM, Khan MA (2014) Curcumin: a potential candidate in prevention of cancer via modulation of molecular pathways. Biomed Res Int 2014:761,608. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/761608
Rauf A, Imran M, Butt MS, Nadeem M, Peters DG, Mubarak MS (2018) Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 58(9):1428–1447. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1263597
Rebhun JF, Glynn KM, Missler SR (2015) Identification of glabridin as a bioactive compound in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) extract that activates human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Fitoterapia 106:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.004
Robertson CS, Goodman JC, Narayan RK, Contant CF, Grossman RG (1991) The effect of glucose administration on carbohydrate metabolism after head injury. J Neurosurg 74(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.74.1.0043
Rui W, Li S, Xiao H, Xiao M, Shi J (2020) Baicalein Attenuates Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway in MPTP-Induced Mice Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 23(11):762–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa060
Ryu J-M, Jang GY, Woo KS, Kim TM, Jeong HS, Kim DJ (2017) Effects of sorghum ethyl-acetate extract on PC3M prostate cancer cell tumorigenicity. J Funct Foods 37:449–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.063
Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Muñoz-Manco JI, Ramírez-Pineda JR, Lamprea-Rodriguez M, Osorio E, Cardona-Gómez GP (2015) The flavonoid quercetin ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology and protects cognitive and emotional function in aged triple transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Neuropharmacology 93:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.027
Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Osorio E, Cardona-Gómez GP (2016) Linalool reverses neuropathological and behavioral impairments in old triple transgenic Alzheimer’s mice. Neuropharmacology 102:111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.002
Salehi B, Calina D, Docea AO, Koirala N, Aryal S, Lombardo D et al (2020) Curcumin’s nanomedicine formulations for therapeutic application in neurological diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9(2):430
Samini F, Samarghandian S, Borji A, Mohammadi G, Bakaian M (2013) Curcumin pretreatment attenuates brain lesion size and improves neurological function following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 110:238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.019
Sarandy MM, Novaes RD, Xavier AA, Vital CE, Leite JPV, Melo F, Gonçalves RV (2017) Hydroethanolic extract of strychnos pseudoquina accelerates skin wound healing by modulating the oxidative status and microstructural reorganization of scar tissue in experimental type I diabetes. Biomed Res Int 9:538. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9538351
Saxena M, Andrews PJ, Cheng A, Deol K, Hammond N (2014) Modest cooling therapies (35 masculineC to 37.5 masculineC) for traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD006811. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006811.pub3
Scheff SW, Ansari MA (2017) Natural Compounds as a Therapeutic Intervention following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Phytochemicals. J Neurotrauma 34(8):1491–1510. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4718
Schepici G, Silvestro S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E (2020) Traumatic brain injury and stem cells: an overview of clinical trials, the current treatments and future therapeutic approaches. Medicina (Kaunas) 56(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030137
Shal B, Ding W, Ali H, Kim YS, Khan S (2018) Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in Attenuation of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Pharmacol 9:548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00548
Shao BZ, Cao Q, Liu C (2018) Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome in the treatment of CNS diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 11:320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00320
Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Ying Z, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F (2009) Dietary curcumin supplementation counteracts reduction in levels of molecules involved in energy homeostasis after brain trauma. Neuroscience 161(4):1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.042
Sharma S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F (2010) A pyrazole curcumin derivative restores membrane homeostasis disrupted after brain trauma. Exp Neurol 226(1):191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.027
Shi R, Wang S, Qi X, Chen S, Chen P, Zhang Q (2014) Lose dose genistein inhibits glucocorticoid receptor and ischemic brain injury in female rats. Neurochem Int 65:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.12.002
Shi X, Fu Y, Zhang S, Ding H, Chen J (2017) Baicalin attenuates subarachnoid hemorrhagic brain injury by modulating blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and oxidative damage in mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:140–179. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1401790
Shih-Chen, L., Smith, F., & Stuart, G. (1973). Chinese medicinal herbs.
Silva LF, Hoffmann MS, Rambo LM, Ribeiro LR, Lima FD, Furian AF et al (2011) The involvement of Na+, K + -ATPase activity and free radical generation in the susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Sci 308(1–2):35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.030
Sivanantham B, Krishnan U, Rajendiran V (2018) Amelioration of oxidative stress in differentiated neuronal cells by rutin regulated by a concentration switch. Biomed Pharmacother 108:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.021
Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Jafari E, Iranpour M, Shahrokhi N (2015) Is genistein neuroprotective in traumatic brain injury? Physiol Behav 152(Pt A):26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.037
Song SX, Gao JL, Wang KJ, Li R, Tian YX, Wei JQ, Cui JZ (2013) Attenuation of brain edema and spatial learning de fi cits by the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity using apocynin following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 7(1):327–331. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.1147
Stefanska J, Pawliczak R (2008) Apocynin: molecular aptitudes. Mediators Inflamm 2008:106,507. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/106507
Stefanska J, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Sokolowska M, Doniec Z, Bialasiewicz P et al (2012) Hydrogen peroxide and nitrite reduction in exhaled breath condensate of COPD patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 25(5):343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.001
Stolk J, Hiltermann TJ, Dijkman JH, Verhoeven AJ (1994) Characteristics of the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils by apocynin, a methoxy-substituted catechol. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11(1):95–102. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.11.1.8018341
Sun YY, Lin SH, Lin HC, Hung CC, Wang CY, Lin YC et al (2013) Cell type-specific dependency on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the endogenous Epo and VEGF induction by baicalein in neurons versus astrocytes. PLoS One 8(7):e69019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069019
Sun G, Miao Z, Ye Y, Zhao P, Fan L, Bao Z et al (2020) Curcumin alleviates neuroinflammation, enhances hippocampal neurogenesis, and improves spatial memory after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 162:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.009
Synnot A, Bragge P, Lunny C, Menon D, Clavisi O, Pattuwage L et al (2018) The currency, completeness and quality of systematic reviews of acute management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A comprehensive evidence map. PLoS One 13(6):e0198676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198676
Tabet M, Hasan H, Abdelhady S, Mahavadi AK, Clervius H, Nasrallah L, Ahmad F, Shaito N, Ramakrawala R, Zibara K, Gajavelli S, Kobeissy FH, Shaito A (2020) Evaluation of evidence: stem cells as a treatment option for traumatic brain injury. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0025801
Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A (2010) Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(6):515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.074
Talsky APL, Shaw T, Wasserman L, Lenny A, Verma A, Hurwitz G, Waxman R, Morgan A, Bhalerao S (2011) Pharmacological interventions for traumatic brain injury. BCMJ 53(1):26–33
Tang S, Gao P, Chen H, Zhou X, Ou Y, He Y (2020) The role of iron, its metabolism and ferroptosis in traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 14:590,789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.590789
Thent ZC, Das S (2015) Piper sarmentosum Maintains Blood Pressure and Morphological Integrity of Liver in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Int J Pharma Med Biol Sci 4
Thent ZC, Seong Lin T, Das S, Zakaria Z (2012) Effect of piper sarmentosum extract on the cardiovascular system of diabetic sprague-dawley rats: electron microscopic study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:628,750. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/628750
Toklu HZ, Tümer N (2015) Frontiers in neuroengineering. Oxidative stress, brain edema, blood–brain barrier permeability, and autonomic dysfunction from traumatic brain injury. In: Kobeissy FH (ed) Brain neurotrauma: molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL
Tsai TH, Liu SC, Tsai PL, Ho LK, Shum AY, Chen CF (2002) The effects of the cyclosporin A, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of baicalein in the rat: a microdialysis study. Br J Pharmacol 137(8):1314–1320. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704959
Valli G, Giardina EG (2002) Benefits, adverse effects and drug interactions of herbal therapies with cardiovascular effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(7):1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01749-7
Vankipuram S, Sasane SV, Chandra A, Ojha BK, Singh SK, Srivastava C et al (2020) A Comparative Analysis Between Four-Quadrant Osteoplastic Decompressive Craniotomy versus Conventional Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 135:e393–e404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.004
Veerendra Kumar MH, Gupta YK (2002) Effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica on cognition and markers of oxidative stress in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 79(2):253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00394-4
Venketeshwer Rao LR (2015) Phytochemicals - Isolation, Characterisation and Role in Human Health. Intech
Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M (2003) Antidiabetic effects of quercetin in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 135(3), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00140-6
Wada K, Alonso OF, Busto R, Panetta J, Clemens JA, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD (1999) Early treatment with a novel inhibitor of lipid peroxidation (LY341122) improves histopathological outcome after moderate fluid percussion brain injury in rats. Neurosurgery 45(3):601–608. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199,909,000-00031
Wang HK (2000) The therapeutic potential of flavonoids. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9(9):2103–2119. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.9.9.2103
Wang Q, Tompkins KD, Simonyi A, Korthuis RJ, Sun AY, Sun GY (2006) Apocynin protects against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and injury in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 1090(1):182–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.060
Wang R, Li Y-N, Wang G-J, Hao H-P, Wu X-L, Zhou F (2009) Neuroprotective Effects and Brain Transport of Ginsenoside Rg1. Chin J Nat Med 7(4):315–320. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.J.1009.2008.00315
Wang MS, Boddapati S, Emadi S, Sierks MR (2010) Curcumin reduces alpha-synuclein induced cytotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease cell model. BMC Neurosci 11:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-11-57
Wang CX, Xie GB, Zhou CH, Zhang XS, Li T, Xu JG et al (2015) Baincalein alleviates early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: possible involvement of TLR4/NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory pathway. Brain Res 1594:245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.014
Williams RJ, Spencer JP (2012) Flavonoids, cognition, and dementia: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 52(1):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.010
Wojcik BE, Stein CR, Bagg K, Humphrey RJ, Orosco J (2010) Traumatic brain injury hospitalizations of U.S. army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Am J Prev Med 38(1 Suppl):S108–S116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.006
Wojda U, Salinska E, Kuznicki J (2008) Calcium ions in neuronal degeneration. IUBMB Life 60(9):575–590. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.91
Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F (2006) Dietary curcumin counteracts the outcome of traumatic brain injury on oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Exp Neurol 197(2):309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.09.004
Wu J, Jeong HK, Bulin SE, Kwon SW, Park JH, Bezprozvanny I (2009) Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci Res 87(8):1904–1912. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22017
Wu A, Ying Z, Schubert D, Gomez-Pinilla F (2011) Brain and spinal cord interaction: a dietary curcumin derivative counteracts locomotor and cognitive deficits after brain trauma. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25(4):332–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968310397706
Wu F, Jin Z, Jin J (2013) Hypoglycemic effects of glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid from licorice, in an animal model of diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 7(4):1278–1282. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1330
Wu HC, Hu QL, Zhang SJ, Wang YM, Jin ZK, Lv LF et al (2018) Neuroprotective effects of genistein on SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing A53T mutant alpha-synuclein. Neural Regen Res 13(8):1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.235250
Xia X, Cheng G, Pan Y, Xia ZH, Kong LD (2007) Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the ethanolic extract from Curcuma longa L. in the mouse forced swimming test. J Ethnopharmacol 110(2):356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.042
Xia L, Jiang ZL, Wang GH, Hu BY, Ke KF (2012) Treatment with ginseng total saponins reduces the secondary brain injury in rat after cortical impact. J Neurosci Res 90(7):1424–1436. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22811
Xia Y, Kong L, Yao Y, Jiao Y, Song J, Tao Z et al (2015) Osthole confers neuroprotection against cortical stab wound injury and attenuates secondary brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 12:155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0373-x
Xie CL, Li JH, Wang WW, Zheng GQ, Wang LX (2015) Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside-Rg1 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by downregulating protease-activated receptor-1 expression. Life Sci 121:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.002
Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M (2009) Emerging treatments for traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 14(1):67–84. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728210902769601
Yan W-J, Liu R-B, Wang L-K, Ma Y-B, Ding S-L, Deng F et al (2018a) Sirt3-Mediated Autophagy Contributes to Resveratrol-Induced Protection against ER Stress in HT22 Cells. Front Neurosci 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00116
Yan Y, Kong L, Xia Y, Liang W, Wang L, Song J et al (2018b) Osthole promotes endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and improved neurological function through Notch signaling pathway in mice acute mechanical brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 67:118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.011
Yao Y, Gao Z, Liang W, Kong L, Jiao Y, Li S et al (2015) Osthole promotes neuronal differentiation and inhibits apoptosis via Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 289(3):474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.013
Yeh GY, Davis RB, Phillips RS (2006) Use of complementary therapies in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 98(5):673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.051
Yoshikawa T, Akiyoshi Y, Susumu T, Tokado H, Fukuzaki K, Nagata R et al (2008) Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces neurodegeneration in the peri-infarct area of a thromboembolic stroke model in non-human primates. JAMA 107(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.fp0071297
Yu C, He Q, Zheng J, Li LY, Hou YH, Song FZ (2017) Sulforaphane improves outcomes and slows cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 45:74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.034
Zhang F, Shi JS, Zhou H, Wilson B, Hong JS, Gao HM (2010) Resveratrol protects dopamine neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory actions. Mol Pharmacol 78(3):466–477. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.110.064535
Zhang QG, Laird MD, Han D, Nguyen K, Scott E, Dong Y et al (2012) Critical role of NADPH oxidase in neuronal oxidative damage and microglia activation following traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 7(4):e34504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034504
Zhang X, Yang Y, Du L, Zhang W, Du G (2017) Baicalein exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects to protect against rotenone-induced brain injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 50:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.007
Zhao HH, Di J, Liu WS, Liu HL, Lai H, Lu YL (2013) Involvement of GSK3 and PP2A in ginsenoside Rb1’s attenuation of aluminum-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Behav Brain Res 241:228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.037
Zheng GQ, Cheng W, Wang Y, Wang XM, Zhao SZ, Zhou Y et al (2011) Ginseng total saponins enhance neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Ethnopharmacol 133(2):724–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.064
Zhou T, Zu G, Zhang X, Wang X, Li S, Gong X et al (2016) Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology 101:480–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.024
Zhou Y, Shao A, Xu W, Wu H, Deng Y (2019) Advance of Stem Cell Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 13:301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00301
Zhou Y, Shao A, Yao Y, Tu S, Deng Y, Zhang J (2020) Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 18(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-020-00549-2
Zhu HT, Bian C, Yuan JC, Chu WH, Xiang X, Chen F et al (2014) Curcumin attenuates acute inflammatory injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 11:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-11-59
Zhu X, Cheng YQ, Du L, Li Y, Zhang F, Guo H et al (2015) Mangiferin attenuates renal fibrosis through down-regulation of osteopontin in diabetic rats. Phytother Res 29(2):295–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5254
Zhu C, Chen J, Pan J, Qiu Z, Xu T (2018) Therapeutic effect of intensive glycemic control therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(30):e11671. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011671
de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Zhu S, Flavell RA (2014) Inflammasomes Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 6(12):a016287. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016287
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Al-Haj, N. et al. (2022). Phytochemicals as Micronutrients: What Is their Therapeutic Promise in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury?. In: Mohamed, W., Yamashita, T. (eds) Role of Micronutrients in Brain Health. Nutritional Neurosciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6467-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6467-0_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6466-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6467-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)