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Synthesis, equilibrium swelling, kinetics, permeability and applications of environmentally responsive gels

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Responsive Gels: Volume Transitions II

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 110))

Abstract

This article is a review of the research on environmentally responsive polymer gels done by Stevin H. Gehrke's research group at the University of Cincinnati. This group has studied a wide variety of responsive gels, including crosslinked cellulose ethers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and radiation-crosslinked poly(vinyl methyl ether). Equilibrium swelling has been studied both experimentally and theoretically, with the general goal of learning how to control the nature of the volume transition. Conditions under which transition-inducing stimuli affect the rate of volume change have been identified and a diffusion analysis is shown to be broadly useful for correlating the kinetics. Polymer scaling theory provides a qualitative basis for understanding how polymer composition and stimulus interval influence the magnitude of the network diffusion coefficient. The response rate of gels can be several orders of magnitude greater than this if they are microporous and can absorb and expel solvent by a convective process. Diffusion coefficients of solutes in gels decline as the gel shrinks, in generally good agreement with free volume theories. Hydrophobic interactions between gels and drugs are often quite strong, especially in deswollen gels. The ability of these gels to dewater coal slurries has also been established.

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Abbreviations

APS:

ammonium persulfate

C:

mass of crosslinking monomer per 100 g of monomers

CMC:

carboxymethylcellulose

D:

diffusion coefficient

Do :

diffusion coefficient in free solution

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

DVS:

divinyl sulfone

f:

friction factor between network and solvent

G:

shear modulus of gel

GRAS:

generally recognized as safe

HPC:

hydroxypropylcellulose

HPMC-E:

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Type E

HPMC-K:

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Type K

k:

mass transfer coefficient

K:

bulk modulus of gel

K:

partition coefficient

Ko/w :

octanol/water partition coefficient

LCST:

lower critical solution temperatures

L0 :

initial sample thickness

Lt/L∞ :

normalized change in characteristic sample dimension

MC:

methylcellulose

Mt/M∞ :

normalized approach to equilibrium mass

N:

number of polymer structural units in an effective chain segment

NIPAAm:

N-isopropylacrylamide

P*g :

polymer cohesive energy density

PNIPAAm:

poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

P*s :

solvent cohesive energy density

PVME:

poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Q:

equilibrium swelling degree of gel

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SMB:

sodium metabisulfite

T:

mass of monomers (in grams) added to 100 ml of water

T:

temperature

t:

time

TEAC:

tetraethylammonium chloride

TEMED:

N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine

Te :

equilibrium temperature

Ti :

initial temperature

Ts :

spinodal temperature

Tt/T∞ :

normalized approach to equilibrium temperature

v:

velocity

Zsg :

correction for deviation from a geometric mean mixing rule

φ:

polymer volume fraction

η:

solvent viscosity

Ξ:

correlation length

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Mail Location 171, 45221-0171, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stevin H. Gehrke

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Gehrke, S.H. (1993). Synthesis, equilibrium swelling, kinetics, permeability and applications of environmentally responsive gels. In: Dušek, K. (eds) Responsive Gels: Volume Transitions II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 110. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0021130

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