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Hitler’s Achilles Heel? Norwegian Molybdenum as a Bottleneck in the German War Economy

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Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Economic History ((PEHS))

Abstract

One week after the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the expertise of the German armaments minister Albert Speer was still in high demand. Allied airmen vied for the attention of their prisoner at the Schloss Glücksburg in Schleswig-Holstein, and they all wanted to know how their bombing raids had impacted on German war production. Only too happy to lecture his captors about their mistakes, Speer “compared German war production to a stream. Instead of bombing the source (steel), we chose to concentrate on the mouth. This could not decisively alter the course of the war.” The interrogation of Speer was not only a matter of gathering evidence for a trial, but also of finding answers to the question of whether it is possible to shut down a mobilized war economy by severing the supplies of key input factors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Initial interrogation of Albert Speer, May 15, 1945, Library of Congress, Carl Spaatz Papers, Box 135, Interrogation, Speer Albert.

  2. 2.

    Mancur Olson “The Economics of Target Selection for the Combined Bomber Offensive” Royal United Services Institution Journal 107, 628, (1962), 308–314.

  3. 3.

    Olav Riste, “London-Regjeringa.” Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–1945, vol II: Vegen Heim, 1942–45 (Oslo: Samlaget, 1979), 51, 54.

  4. 4.

    Fritz Hodne and Ola Grytten, Norsk økonomi, 1900–1990 (Oslo: Tano 1992), 167. Christina Goulter, A forgotten offensive: Royal Air Force Coastal Command’s anti-shipping campaign, 1940–1945 (London: Frank Cass, 1996), 118, 303.

  5. 5.

    Steven Zaloga, Panther vs Sherman. The Battle of the Bulge 1944 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008), 13.

  6. 6.

    Rolf Karlbom, “Sweden’s Iron Ore Exports to Germany, 1933–1944,” Scandinavian Economic History Review XIII (1965): 65–93; Alan Milward, “Could Sweden have stopped the Second World War?” Scandinavian Economic History Review XV (1967): 127–138.

  7. 7.

    GB Bau, Gabsdil to Naschschubleiter, 17 September 1943, Riksarkivet, RAFA 2188, E, E1, E1g, Box 32, M1. (2600).

  8. 8.

    Ian Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 1936–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2000), 402.

  9. 9.

    Werner Abelhauser, Wolfgang von Hippel, Jefferey Johnson and Raymond Stokes. German industry and Global Enterprise. BASF: The History of a Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 275–7.

  10. 10.

    Dieter Petzina, Autarkiepolitik im Dritten Reich. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1968).

  11. 11.

    Paul Krusch, “Deutchlands Vorräte an Stahlveredlungsmitteln,” Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie, no. 44 (1936).

  12. 12.

    Jörg Johannes Jäger, Die wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit des Dritten Reiches vom Ausland (Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1969), 117–118.

  13. 13.

    Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Norges Handel for the years 1933–1939.

  14. 14.

    Estimate calculated from figures provided by Jäger and Norges Handel, 1938.

  15. 15.

    United States Strategic Bombing Survey. 1945. The effects of strategic bombing on the German war economy. (Washington: Overall Economic Effects Division, 1945), 110, table 63.

  16. 16.

    Foreign Relations of the United States 1939, vol. I, 130–133; Adolf Hitler, Der Führer antwortet Roosevelt: Reichstagsrede vom 28. April 1939. (München: NSDAP Zentralverlag, 1939), 60.

  17. 17.

    White to Morgenthau, 8 April 1939, Mudd Library, Princeton, Harry Dexter White Papers, Box 9, Preliminary Report on the Possibilities of Depriving the Aggressor Countries of Needed Strategic War Materials, 1939 April 8.

  18. 18.

    Lothinan to war cabinet, 12 December 1939; Foreign Office to Lothian 23 December 1939, Public Records Office, Kew, CAB 85/60. This archive is hereafter referred to as PRO.

  19. 19.

    Max Schott to stockholders, 28 December 1939, Ibid.

  20. 20.

    US Geological Survey, Minerals Yearbook Review of 1940, 609–613.

  21. 21.

    Monnet to Purvis, 16 February, PRO, CAB 85/60, 1940 Ibid.

  22. 22.

    P.M. angående direktør Sverres og ingeniør Borchgrevinks besøk i UD, 11 September 1939, RA, Landssviksarkivet, Oslo Politikammer Dnr. 3139, dokument nr. 98. This is herafter referred to as RA, L-sak 3139.

  23. 23.

    William Medlicott, The economic blockade, vol.I. (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1978), 32. “Molybdenum” Undated memorandum discussed at Permanent Executive Committee for Economic Warfare, 15 February 1940, PRO CAB 85/60.

  24. 24.

    Figures derived from Jäger, Abhängigkeit, table 12 and 13, p. 119–121.

  25. 25.

    William Shirer and Ron Rosenbaum, The Rise and fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011).

  26. 26.

    Dietrich Eicholtz, “Die Grossraumwehrwirtschaft für den grossen Krieg. Zwei Geheime Memoranden der Reichstelle für Wirtschaftausbau vom Frühjahr/sommer 1939” Bulletin des Arbeitskreises “Zweiter Weltkrieg” 1–4 (1986): 86–160. Particularly 116, 126.

  27. 27.

    Berit Nøkleby, Josef Terboven, Hitlers mann i Norge (Oslo: Gyldendal, 2008), 141.

  28. 28.

    Fried. Krupp AG to A. Johnson & Co. 11 June 1940, RA, L-sak. 3139, dokument nr. 24; Minutes of Knaben Board Meeting 28 May 1940, Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Sverre to Handelsdepartementet, Industrikontoret, 8 July 1940, RA, S-4153 Direktoratet for industriforsyning, D, De, 1940–1942, Box 23, Diverse malmer; Questionnaire, A/S Knaben Molybdængruber, 19 june 1940, Riksarkivet, S-2345 Forsyningsdepartementet, Nemnda for industri og omsetning, D, Box 1, Bergverk; P.M. by Director Sverre 6 June 1940, RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 50.

  30. 30.

    Aktenvermerk 3 August 1940, Krupp archive, WA 69/983; Vertrag zwischen Krupp und A. Johnson & Co. signed 17 September 1940 (Krupp) and 5 December 1940 (Johnson). Krupp archive, WA 142/2902.

  31. 31.

    Sverre to Blekum 3 August 1940. RA, L-sak. 3139, dokument nr. 23.

  32. 32.

    P.M. by Director Sverre 6 June 1940, RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 50.

  33. 33.

    Hein Klemann and Sergei Kudryashov, Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-occupied Europe, 1939–1945, English ed. (London: Berg, 2012), 210, Table 13.3.

  34. 34.

    A/S Knaben Molybdæengruber to Handelsdepartementet, 29 November 1941 RA, S-2218 Handelsdepartementet, Dir. for eksport og importregulering, Dir. Bjerkes arkiv, Box 1.

  35. 35.

    Protokoll 24 June 1942. Krupp archive, WA 142/2902.

  36. 36.

    Aktenvermerk (Kyllman) 18 January 1943. Krupp archive, WA 142/2902.

  37. 37.

    Reichskommissariat Hauptabteilung Volkswirtschaft, Deutsche Wirtschaftsinteressen in Norwegen, 21 March 1941, RAFA 2200, Serial 1114.

  38. 38.

    Including mineral explorations, but not including operational costs.

  39. 39.

    “Übersicht über die wichtigsten Beteiligungen der Firma Fried. Krupp, Essen, an ausländischen Unternehmungen zur Gewinnung und Beschaffung von Legierungserzen”. Krupp archive, WA40/B («Krupp-Prozess»). See also annual reports given in Norges Bergverksdrift 1940–1945.

  40. 40.

    Hans Claussen Korff “Norwegens Wirtschaft im Mahlstrom der Okkupation” RA, PA 951, Hans Claussen Korff, box 2, p 123.

  41. 41.

    Hugh Trevor Roper, ed. Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44: His private conversations (New York: Enigma Books, 2007), 43.

  42. 42.

    Edward Ericson, Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (Greenwood, 1999), 170, Table 5.1, 211. These were not delivered by August 1941, according to table 5.4, 220.

  43. 43.

    Jäger Abhängigkeit, 292 on looking for new sources.

  44. 44.

    Knaben to Raabe, A. Johnson & Co. 10 August 1940, RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23.

  45. 45.

    Sverre to Reichskommissar, Wirtschaftsabt. 23 August 1940. L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23.

  46. 46.

    Sverre to the Board of Knaben. 6 June 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 50. Bergverkenes Landssammenslutning (Rogstad) to Bergverksutvalget. 11 June 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 20.

  47. 47.

    Knaben to Forsyningsdepartementet 26 March 1941. Sverre to Engelmann/Reichskommissar 5 May 1941. L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 24.

  48. 48.

    Direktør Sverre, Knaben Molybdængruber til Handelsdepartementet, 23 January 1943; Sverre til Handelsdepartmenetert 11 November 1941, Rolf Andersen til Norges Clearinginstitutt, 25 January 1943, Notat, Molybden fra Norge som kompensasjon for molybdenholdige varer fra Sverige, 23 August 1941, Riksarkivet, Handelsdepartementer, Dir. for eksport og importregulering, Dir. Bjerkes arkiv, S-2218, Box 1.

  49. 49.

    Knaben Headquarter to Knaben Gruber 3 May 1941; Knaben Headquarter to Knaben Gruber 14 June 1941. Blekum to A/S Knaben Molybdengruver 28 May 1941; Sverre to Direktorat for Arbeidsformidling. 4 june 9141. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 25.

  50. 50.

    Gunnar Hatlehol, ““Norwegeneinsatz” 1940–1945: Organisation Todts arbeidere i Norge og gradene av tvang” (Unpublished PhD manuscript NTNU, 2015), 128–134.

  51. 51.

    Reichskommissariat (Ashoff) to County Governour of Vest-Agder 25 July 1941. Statens Direktorat for Arbeidsformidling to Vest-Agder fylke. 12 August 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 51 Quote from B.V.L.A. (Rogstad) «Cirkulerskrivelse nr.17» 5 August 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 77.

  52. 52.

    Belegschaft der wichtigsten norwegischen Bergwerke am 31 December 1942. RA, S-1331 Næringsdepartementet, D, Db Dba, L 0064.

  53. 53.

    Letter from Reichskommissariat, Abt. Arbeit und Sozialwesen to Reichskommissariat, Abt. Ausfuhrwirtschaft und Bergbau, Gruppe Bergbau, 26.1.1943. RA, Reichskommissariat, Eci, box 66. Letter from Direktorat für Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung to Reichskommissariat, Abt. Arbeit und Sozialwesen, 17 February 1943. Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Sverre to Blekum. 21 August 1941; Sverre to Blekum. 18 September 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23.

  55. 55.

    Sverre to Parbrot. 4 October 1941; Sverre to Blekum 6 October 1941; Sverre to B. Christiansen 22 october 1941, RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23. Blekum til Sverre 23 September 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 24.

  56. 56.

    Blekum to Sverre 8 November 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 24. Witness statement by Aadne Senland 12 january 1946. Witness statement by Bernhart Biktjörn. 28 January 1946. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 42.

  57. 57.

    Sverre to A. Johnson & Co. 28 March 1942. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23.

  58. 58.

    “22. April 1942 ankom uanmeldt følgende tyske herrer til Knaben Gruber”. 21 April 1942. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 104.

  59. 59.

    See various transcripts regarding “Production and labourers”, pp.1–10. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 25.

  60. 60.

    Sverre to Brodtkorb 19 September 1941. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 23. For the deal in general, see: Kyllmann and Soll to Johnson. 19.09.1941. Krupp archive, WA 142/2902

  61. 61.

    The team consisted of 17 miners, who arrived to Knaben in August 1942. Knaben Molybdengruber (Krogh) to Flekkefjord Politikammer. 17 October 1945. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 18.

  62. 62.

    “Besprechnung in Oslo” 24 June 1942. Krupp archive WA 142/2902.

  63. 63.

    Jan Rob, “Erst die Maschinen—dann die Menschen,” in Knaben II: I berget det blå, ed. Knabens Venner, Knabens Historie (Kvinlog: Knabens Venner, 2007), 31.

  64. 64.

    “Der rassische Gesamteindruck war der einer angenehmen deutschen Bürgergesellschaft”. Haubtabt. Propaganda to Reichskommissar Terbhoven, 14 December 1942. RA, RAFA-2174, Reichskommissariat, Eci, box 66.

  65. 65.

    See statements by Eilif Reftein 25 January 1946 and Bernhart Biktjörn 28 January 1946, RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 42.

  66. 66.

    Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Gabel) to Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Maucher) 9 November 1942. Reichskommissariat Abt. Arbeit to RK. Abt. Ausfuhr und Bergbau, dated 15 January 1943. RA, RAFA-2174, Reichskommissariat, Eci, box 66.

  67. 67.

    Dr. Böhne to Knaben, Oslo 12 November 1942. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 24.

  68. 68.

    Memorandum for Otte. 23 October 1942. RA, RAFA-2174, Reichskommissariat, Eci, box 66. Carlo Otte (Haubtabteilung Volkswirtschaft) to Reichskommissariat, Abt. Ausfuhr und Bergbau. 30 October 1942. Ibid.

  69. 69.

    Oslo Main Office to Knaben Gruber 25 January 1943. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 25.

  70. 70.

    Edwin Snell and Maurice Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–42 (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1953), 381.

  71. 71.

    Williamson Murray, Allan Millett, A war to be Won. Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000) 31.

  72. 72.

    Levine, Strategic Bombing, 37–38.

  73. 73.

    Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive (London: Greenhill Books, 1947), 76, 221–2.

  74. 74.

    War Cabinet Weekly Résumé no 183 of the Naval, Military and Air Situation from 0700 February 25th to 0700 March 4th 1943, W.P. (43) 94, 11 March 1943, PRO, CAB/66/34/44; War Cabinet Weekly Résumé no 184 of the Naval, Military and Air Situation from 0700 March 4th to 0700 March 11th, 1943, W.P. (43) 107, 4 March 1943, PRO, CAB/66/35/7.

  75. 75.

    War Cabinet memo by Secretary of State for Air, Summary of operations of Bomber Command for fortnight ending 1200 hours, Sunday march 14, 1943, W.P. (43) 126, 25 March 1943, PRO, CAB 66/35/26.

  76. 76.

    Hansard, 8 July 1943.

  77. 77.

    War Cabinet Memo, by Secretary of State for Air, Summary of operations of Bomber Command for Fortnight ending 1200 hours, Sunday March 28, 1943, 5 April 1943, W.P. (43) 142, PRO, CAB/66/35/42.

  78. 78.

    Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 653.

  79. 79.

    Attack on Fertiliser Works at Rjukan by USAAF, dated 9 December 1943. PRO, AIR 2/8002. Vorläufiger Bericht über den Bombenangriff auf Knabengrube am 16 November 1943, signed Müller 19 November 1943, RA, RAFA 2174, Reichskommissariat, Eci, box 66.

  80. 80.

    Rob, “Erst die Maschinen” 46–47.

  81. 81.

    War Cabinet Memo, Ferro-Alloys. “The German Supply position” from the minister of Economic Warfare, W.P (43) 583, 24 December 1943, PRO, CAB/66/44/33.

  82. 82.

    Hansard, 9 May 1944.

  83. 83.

    Bombing Targets in Norway, Mutual agreement between HM Govt & Norwegian Govt re bombing of shore establishments Letter from the Admirality to the Foreign Office 24 July 1944; Norwegian High Command’s Comments on Priority Targets in Norway 31 May 1944, PRO, ADM 1/16,347.

  84. 84.

    Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945, pt. 4. (London: H.M Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1961), 256.

  85. 85.

    Crowley to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), 19 May 1944; FDR to Crowley, 30 May, 1944; Crowley to FDR, 5 June, 1944; Stettinius to Crowley, 28 June, 1944; Crowley to FDR, 16 June 1944, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Papers, Private Secretary File, Box 134.

  86. 86.

    Rob, “Erst die Maschinen”, 36.

  87. 87.

    Vermerk, Wiederaufbauarbeiten bei der Knaben Molybdän-Grube, undated; Note by Feuchtinger, 19 May 1943; Chef das Generalstabes, Luftgaukommando Norwegen an der Norwegischen Industrieverband, Kontor für Industrieluftschutz, 18 April 1943, RA, RAFA 2188, E,E1 E1g, 32, M1. (2600).

  88. 88.

    Peter Hedberg, Handeln och betalningarna mellan Sverige och Tyskland 1934–1945: Den svensk-tyska clearingepoken ur ett kontraktsekonomiskt perspektiv (Uppsala: ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS, 2003), 154.

  89. 89.

    Martin Fritz, “Swedish Adaptation to German Domination in the Second World War,” in Joachim Lund (ed.) Working for the New Order. European business under German Domination, 1939–1945. (Copenhagen: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2006), 129–140.

  90. 90.

    Johan Beck-Friis to Harald Jentoft 19 July 1946. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 77.

  91. 91.

    Ingela Karlson, “Sveriges Ekonomiska Relationer med det Ockuperade Norge,” in En (O)Moralisk Handel?– Sveriges Ekonomiska Relationer Med Nazityskland, Martin Fritz, Birgit Karlsson, Ingela Karlsson & Sven Nordlund (Stockholm, Forum för Levande historie, 2006) 81–117.

  92. 92.

    Gunnar Hägglöf, Svensk krigshandelspolitik under andra världskriget (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1958), 249–306.

  93. 93.

    Karlson, “Ekonomiska Relationer”, 100.

  94. 94.

    Aktenvermerk, 8 June 1943. Krupp archive, WA 142/2902. See also witness statement from Carl Böyesen 8 February 1947. RA, L-sak 3139, folder “Diverse”.

  95. 95.

    Lawrence Collier to Ræder 12 June 1945. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 22.

  96. 96.

    Hans Christian Berg to Sverre 11 December 1945. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 37, Hans Christian Berg to L. Rode 25 September 1946. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 78. Witness statement by Carsten Jacob Helgeby, 1 February 1947. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 89.

  97. 97.

    Alan Milward. The Fascist Economy of Norway (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 161.

  98. 98.

    Otte to Næringsdepartementet, RA, S-2799 Næringsdepartementet, Da,Daa 1942–1945, L-0003, Handelsavtaler.

  99. 99.

    Reichskommissariat (Berghold) to A/S Knaben Molybdengruber 24 July 1944. Sverre to Berghold 15 August 1944. Berghold to A/S Knaben Molybdengruber 23 August 1944. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 50.

  100. 100.

    Krupp Hauptverwaltung des Erzbergbaus to Müller, Knaben 22 January 1944. Krupp archive, WA 142/2901.

  101. 101.

    Aktenvermerk 17 March 1944. Aktennotiz 1 April 1944. Präsident des Gauarbeitsamt Schleswig-Holstein to Fried.Krupp, Habt.abt. Des Erzbergbaus 14 June 1944. Krupp archive, WA 142/2901.

  102. 102.

    Dr. Böhne to Fachgruppe Metallerzbergbau der Wirtschaftsgruppe Bergbau. 10 july 1944. Krupp archive, WA 142/2901.

  103. 103.

    Michael Stokke, Sovjetiske og franske sivile tvangsarbeidere i Norge 1942–1945: En sammenligning av arbeids- og leveforhold. MA-thesis, University of Bergen, 2008.

  104. 104.

    Statistische Norwegische Produktionszahlen in t, 1940–1944, RA, RAFA 2200, E,Box 16, Serial 1110; Bericht der Hauptabteilung Volkswirtschaft für die Zeit vom1 bis 28 februar 1945 Ibid, Serial no 1112.

  105. 105.

    The average molybdenum content of ore extracted between 1947 and 1956 was 0.182 %. This number is calculated from the reported average molybdenum content in the annual mining reports, except 1950 where none is given. After the war, the reported molybdenum content is higher than MoS2 concentrate divided by total ore extracted. The reason for this discrepancy is not known to the authors.

  106. 106.

    See witness statements in RA, L-sak 3139.

  107. 107.

    Witness statement by Arne Bugge 6 February 1947. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 86.

  108. 108.

    Rode to Blom 7 January 1947. RA, L-sak 3139, dokument nr. 84.

  109. 109.

    John DeMille, Strategic minerals. A summary of uses, world output, stockpiles, procurement (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1947).

  110. 110.

    Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, Detlef Vogel, Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 113.

  111. 111.

    Levine, Strategic Bombing, 111. (Westport: Praeger, 1992).

  112. 112.

    Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion, Planungsamt, Berichtswesen und Statistik, Industriemeldung, Statistische Schnellberichte, Bd 1, 1938–1944. Bundesarchiv, BArch, R3/1797.

  113. 113.

    Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 648. Albert Speer, Erindringer, 282–283.

  114. 114.

    Jäger, Abhängigkeit, 290–294, Table 43 and 44. The numbers for Knaben are calculated based on the relative total of Norwegian output, found in Norges Bergverksdrift 1940–1944.

  115. 115.

    Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive, 221–2.

  116. 116.

    United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Effects, 112.

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    Andreas D. R. Sanders & Mats Ingulstad

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  1. Department of Historical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Hans Otto Frøland

  2. Department of Historical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Mats Ingulstad

  3. Department of Historical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Jonas Scherner

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Sanders, A.D.R., Ingulstad, M. (2016). Hitler’s Achilles Heel? Norwegian Molybdenum as a Bottleneck in the German War Economy. In: Frøland, H., Ingulstad, M., Scherner, J. (eds) Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53423-1_14

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