Abstract
I begin with a marvelous quote from Jonathan Littell’s novel The Kindly Ones that goes hand in hand with one of the most recent theories of gender studies, the performance of gender or gender as performance that made Judith Butler one of the most outstanding gender theorists at the close of the twentieth century:
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Notes
- 1.
Jonathan Littell. The Kindly Ones. New York: HarperCollins Publisher, 2009. Charlotte Mandell (Tr).
- 2.
Julia Kristeva. “Women’s Time,” Women, Explorations in Feminists Knowledge, and Reality (Ann Garry & Marilyn Pearsall). New York, London: Routledge, 1996.
- 3.
I found the following studies useful: Mosse, G. L. (1996). The image of man: the creation of modern masculinity. New York: Oxford University Press; Chauncey, G. (1994). “The Forging of Queer Identities and the Emergence of Heterosexuality in Middle-Class Culture.” In Gay New York: gender, urban culture, and the making of the gay male world, 1890–1940 (pp. 99–127). New York: Basic Books; Lancaster, R. N. (2007). “That we should all turn queer?”: “Homosexual stigma in the making of manhood and the breaking of a revolution in Nicaragua.” In R. Parker & P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, Society and Sexuality: A Reader (2nd ed., pp. 104–122). New York: Routledge; Bayard de Volo, L. (2012). A Revolution in the Binary? Gender and the Oxymoron of Revolutionary War in Cuba and Nicaragua. Signs, 37(2), 413–439. doi:10.1086/661727; Halberstam, J. (1998). “An Introduction to Female Masculinity.” In Female masculinity (pp. 1–43). Durham: Duke University Press; Cornell, D. (Ed.). (2000). Feminism and pornography. Oxford, UK ; New York: Oxford University Press.
- 4.
The Fall. A BBC crime drama television series directed by Allan Cubitt and Jacob Verbruggen, 2013.
- 5.
Joyce Carol Oates. The Gravedigger’s Daughter. New York: Harper and Collins, 2007.
- 6.
Católicas de Nicaragua sends weekly and monthly emails informing how many women were killed, raped, or hurt. Their address is: Católicas Cdd Nicaragua catolicasnicaraguaq@gmail.com.
- 7.
Sigmund Freud. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1961.
- 8.
Directed by Gerard Damiano (Jerry Gerard), 1972.
- 9.
See studies like: Domínguez Ruvalcaba, Héctor. De la sensualidad a la violencia de género: la modernidad y la nación en las representaciones de la masculinidad en el México contemporáneo. México: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, 2013; Connel, R. W. (2003). Capítulo 3: La Organización Social de la Masculinidad. In Masculinidades (pp. 103–129). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coordinación de Humanidades, Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género; Mosse, G. L. (1996). The image of man: the creation of modern masculinity. New York: Oxford University Press. “Chapter 1: Introduction: The Masculine Stereotype” (pp. 3–16) y “Chapter 2: Setting the Standard” (pp. 17–39); Pelufo, A. (2013). Gauchos que lloran: masculinidades sentimentales en el imaginario criollista. Cuadernos de literatura, 17(33), 187–201; González Stephan, B. (2010). Héroes nacionales, Estado viril y sensibilidades homoeróticas. En Peluffo, A., & Sánchez Prado, I. M. (Eds.). (2010). Entre hombres: masculinidades del siglo XIX en América Latina (pp. 23–58). Madrid: Iberoamericana.; Chauncey, G. (1994). Chapter 4: The Forging of Queer Identities and the Emergence of Heterosexuality in Middle-Class Culture. In Gay New York: gender, urban culture, and the making of the gay male world, 1890–1940 (pp. 99–127). New York: Basic Books; Richard, N. (1993). Contorsiones de género y doblaje sexual: la parodia travesti. En Masculino/Femenino: prácticas de la diferencia y cultura democrática (pp. 65–76). Santiago: Francisco Zegers Editores; Lancaster, R. N. (2007). “That we should all turn queer?”: homosexual stigma in the making of manhood and the breaking of a revolution in Nicaragua. In R. Parker & P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, Society and Sexuality: A Reader (2nd ed., pp. 104–122). New York: Routledge; Bayard de Volo, L. (2012). “A Revolution in the Binary? Gender and the Oxymoron of Revolutionary War in Cuba and Nicaragua.” Signs, 37(2), 413–439. doi:10.1086/661727.
- 10.
Reina Roffé. Monte de Venus. Buenos Aires: Astier, 1976.
- 11.
Jesús Salgado. “Graves cargos contra soldados de Base Naval.” (END, 18/12/2010).
- 12.
See Jerónimo Duarte Pérez. “En Nueva Guinea subió un 30 por ciento.” (La Prensa, 11/22/2010).
- 13.
The case of Mexico is the most publicized regarding feminicide although reports from other parts of the world like Nicaragua, Bolivia, Chile, and Spain find parity with it. El País reports that Mexico revives the tragedy of the woman from Juarez and the number of feminicides is alarming. The Mexican State is incapable of guarantee life to women. The number of deaths in the country increased a 68 % between 2007 and 2009, according to the United Nations. Marcela Lagarde, president of Red de Investigadoras por la Vida y la Libertad de las Mujeres, considers there is a big problem of impunity—like in Nicaragua. La Procuraduría del Estado de México recognizes that women find themselves in the public sphere like trashcans and that been brutally murdered. Half of the disappeared women are younger than 21 (El País, 07/21/2013).
- 14.
“Saul Martinez.” “Anciano abusa a una niña.” (La Prensa, 12/16/2010).
- 15.
Lizbeth García y Sylvia Hernández. “Larga pena para padre violador.” (END, 06/08/2008).
- 16.
Leoncio Vanegas. SUCESOS (END, 12/13/2010).
- 17.
Alejandro Flores Valle (La Prensa, 12/14/2010).
- 18.
Francisco Mendoza. “Sujeto propinó 29 puñaladas a la víctima, porque no quiso regresar con él.” (END, 07/31/2008).
- 19.
Slavoj Žižek (Eds). Perversion and the Social Relation (Durham: Duke UP. 2003): 38–67.
- 20.
In this regard, see Sigmund Freud. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. USA: Basic Books, 2000.
- 21.
See Luis Eduardo Martínez M. y Alejandro Flores Valle. “Veinte años de prisión por asesinato.” (La Prensa, 08/07/2008). In this case, the lawyer insisted on the innocence of the defendant and announced he was going to appeal the case because there was not sufficient proof against him.
- 22.
- 23.
Renata Salecl. “Crime as a mode of subjectivization.” The Spoils of Freedom: Psychoanalysis and Feminism After the Fall of Socialism. New York, London: Routledge, 1994: 99–111.
- 24.
Joyce Carol Oates. Op. Cit.
- 25.
David Lynch. Blue Velvet. 1986.
- 26.
Deep Throat. Directed by Gerard Damiano (Jerry Gerard), 1972.
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Rodriguez, I. (2016). Introduction. In: Gender Violence in Failed and Democratic States. Comparative Feminist Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59833-2_1
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