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National Interests, Foreign Policy, and Global Politics

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Globalization, Wealth, and Power in the Twenty-First Century

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Abstract

Foreign policy making is as old as the first states and the conflicts among them. In the premodern era, the range of “foreign policy” decisions that governments made were mostly confined to war and trade. But as modernity knit an ever denser web of relations among states, the issues, means, and ends of foreign policy making have proliferated and changed profoundly.

The essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the observer—often indeed to the decider himself… There will always be the dark and tangled stretches in the decision-making process—mysterious even to those who may be most intimately involved.

John Kennedy

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Notes

  1. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  2. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  3. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

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  4. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  6. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  7. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  8. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  9. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

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  10. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen&Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

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  11. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1988).

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  12. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

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  13. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

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  14. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  15. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  16. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  17. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

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  18. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993).

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  19. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 37.

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  20. Ted Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 19–20.

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  21. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41.

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  22. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41.

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  23. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41.

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  24. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41.

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  25. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41.

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  26. George Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 65–66.

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  27. Quoted in Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 315.

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  28. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1314–15.

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  29. Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Longman, 1999).

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  30. Kenneth Waltz, The Theory of International Politics (Reading, Penns.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 15.

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  31. In addition to the books cited in note 5, for a good overview of realism, see John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

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  32. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

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  33. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

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  34. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

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  35. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

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  36. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

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  37. For government politics model books, see William Bacchus, Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1974); Zeev Maov, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

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  38. For government politics model books, see William Bacchus, Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1974); Zeev Maov, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

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  39. For government politics model books, see William Bacchus, Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1974); Zeev Maov, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

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  40. For government politics model books, see William Bacchus, Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1974); Zeev Maov, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

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  1. William R. Nester
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© 2010 William R. Nester

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Nester, W.R. (2010). National Interests, Foreign Policy, and Global Politics. In: Globalization, Wealth, and Power in the Twenty-First Century. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117402_4

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