Biological Diversity

Abstract

Biological diversity is the oldest of the three earth-systems governance issue clusters discussed in this and the following chapters. Its constituent issues date back to late-nineteenth century conservation efforts. Entwined with colonial and trade enterprises, some gave rise to early instances of global policy processes. Biodiversity topics were later woven into the discourses of sustainable development and ecosystem services. A sense of their urgency has persisted. Scientific research has documented declines in many species; stresses in biodiversity hot-spots; and threats to habitats from intensified human activities, for example in the agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism sectors of economies. Growing awareness of the complex linkages of biodiversity with other earth-systems processes, particularly climate change, and the still comparatively weak knowledge base related to the world’s species and habitats and their conservation requirements – especially in marine areas – are among the factors that have maintained these issues on global agendas. Biodiversity issues are now embedded in a wide range of global and regional intergovernmental agreements and institutions.