Political Characteristics

Abstract

The modern external borders of the Central Asian region were established in the late nineteenth century as the result of a formal arrangement between the British and Russian empires. This arrangement ended the bitter competition for political and military control in the region. The British expanded their influence over the territory of Afghanistan and Iran, and the Russian Empire established its influence over the land to the north of these two states, in the process extending its control to the Kokand and Khiva khanates and the Bukhara emirate.