Abstract
The third and last plague pandemic to date began by the end of the nineteenth century and ceased by the mid-twentieth century, thanks to the discovery and effectiveness of several antibiotics, such as streptomycin.1 In his recent history of the third pandemic, Myron Echenberg proposes that “at least 15 million” people died worldwide.2 Population losses, however, were not as concentrated in any one country during this visit of plague, perhaps because of the ability of humans to now travel more globally and take the disease with them.
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Notes
See Ole J. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2004), p. XV.
Myron Echenberg, Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901 (New York and London: New York University Press, 2007), p. xi.
Edward Marriott, Plague: A Story of Science, Rivalry, and the Scourge that Won’t Go Away (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), p. 25.
John Kelly, The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), p. 41
Marilyn Chase, The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003), pp. 12–13.
Marriott, pp. 230–231 and James Cross Giblin, When Plague Strikes: The Black Death, Small Pox, AIDS (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995), p. 51.
Herman Hesse, Narcisus and Goldmund, trans. Ursule Molinaro (New York: The Noonday Press, 1930), pp. 199–230.
Albert Camus, The Plague, trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Vintage International, 1948), pp. 6, 3.
Gina Kolata, Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused It (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), pp. 5, 7.
Katherine Anne Porter, “Pale Horse, Pale Rider” in The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944), pp. 269–317 and The Holy Bible: A Translation from the Latin Vulgate in the Light of the Hebrew and Greek Originals, trans. Ronald Knox (New York: Sheed and Ward, Inc, 1944), Apoc. 6:8.
Stephen King, The Stand (New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1978).
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© 2012 Gina M. Bright
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Bright, G.M. (2012). The Nineteenth through Twentieth Centuries. In: Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic: A Story of Discrimination. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137011220_5
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