Skip to main content

Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Embryos and Beyond

  • Chapter
Ethics and Emerging Technologies

Chapter Summary

In this chapter, Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Marin Gillis begin by presenting some background on embryonic stem cells, including on why their distinctive feature — the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell in the body — is thought to hold so much biomedical research and therapeutic potential. They then explore the ethical issues raised by the use of stem cells in research and treatment. Among the issues they discuss are: the moral status of the embryos that are destroyed in the derivation of stem cells; safety and informed consent by patients who undergo stem cell based therapies; obtaining ova from women to create embryos for research; and justice concerns related to the inequality in access to novel medical technologies.

This chapter is excerpted from Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Marin Gillis (2010) ‘Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Embryos and Beyond,’ in Technology and Human Values: Essential Readings, ed. C. Hanks (Wiley-Blackwell). It appears here by permission of the authors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Works Cited

  • M. R. Alison, et al. (2000) ‘Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells,’ Nature, 406: 257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Altman (1991) ‘Commodifying Experience,’ Southern California Law Review, 65: 293–340, 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Amit, et al. (2003) ‘Human Feeder Layers for Human Embryonic Stem Cells,’ Biological Reproduction, 68(6): 2150–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs Available at www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList302/87DC95FCA3C3D63EC1256B66005B3F6C (accessed April 2006).

  • F. Baylis (2000) ‘Our Cells/Ourselves: Creating Human Embryos for Stem Cell Research,’ Women’s Health Issues, 10(3): 140–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Brehm, T. Zeus, and B. E. Strauer (2002) ‘Stem cells — clinical application and perspectives, Herz, 27(7): 611–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. S. Cahill (2000) ‘Social ethics of embryo and stem cell research,’ Women’s Health Issues, 10: 131–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Chung, I. Klimanskaya, S. Becker, et al. (2005) ‘Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomeres,’ Nature (Oct 16).

    Google Scholar 

  • I. de Melo-Martin (1997) Making Babies. Biomedical Technologies, Reproductive Ethics, and Public Policy (Dordrecht: Kluwer University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • I. de Melo-Martin, and C. Hanks (2001) ‘Genetic technologies and women: the importance of context,’ Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21(5): 354–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Dickenson (2001) ‘Property and women’s alienation from their own labour,’ Bioethics 15: 204–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Dodds (2004) ‘Women, commodification, and embryonic stem cell research’ in Stem Cell Research: Biomedical Ethics Reviews, J. Humber and R. Almeder, (eds) (Towota, New Jersey: Humana Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. M. Doerflinger (1999) ‘The ethics of funding embryonic stem cell research: a Catholic viewpoint,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 9: 137–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. A. Eglitis, and E. Mezey (1997) ‘Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 4080–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Faden, and T. Beauchamp (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ferrari, et al. (1998) ‘Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors,’ Science, 279: 1528–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Filip, J. Mokry, and I. Hruska (2003) ‘Adult stem cells and their importance in cell therapy,’ Folia Biologica, 49(1): 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Green (2001) The Human Embryo Research Debates: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy (New York: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A-K. Hadjantonakis, V. E. Papaioannou (2001) ‘The stem cells of early embryos,’ Differentiation, 68: 159–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Hall (2003) ‘The Recycled Generation,’ New York Times Magazine (January): 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Hamasaki et al. (2003) ‘Neuronal cell migration for the developmental formation of the mammalian striatum,’ Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 41(1): 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Q. He et al. (2003) ‘Embryonic stem cells: new possible therapy for degenerative diseases that affect elderly people,’ Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(3): 279–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Hoedemaekers, H. ten Have, R. Chadwick (1997) ’Genetic screening: a comparative analysis of three recent reports,’ Journal of Medical Ethics 23(3): 135–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Holland (2001) ‘Contested commodities at both ends of life: buying and selling gametes, embryos, and body tissues,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 11(3): 263–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Holland, and D. Davis (eds) (2001) ‘Special Issue: Who’s afraid of commodification,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Katz (1972) Experimenting with Human Beings (New York: Russell Sage Foundation).

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Knowles (1999) ‘Property, patents, progeny,’ Hastings Center Report, 2: 38–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Lakatos, and R. J. Franklin (2002) ‘Transplant mediated repair of the central nervous system: an imminent solution?’ Current Opinion Neurology, 15(6): 701–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Lauritzen (2001) ‘Neither person nor property: embryo research and the status of the early embryo,’ America, (March 26).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. W. Lim, and A. Bodnar (2002) ‘Proteome analysis of conditioned medium from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers which support the growth of human embryonic stem cells,’ Proteomics, 2(9): 1187–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Margolin (2002) ‘High dose chemotherapy and stem cell support in the treatment of germ cell cancer,’ Journal of Urology, 169(4): 1229–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Marquis (1989) ‘Why Abortion Is Immoral,’ Journal of Philosophy, 86(4): 470–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. A. Marr, et al. (2002) ‘Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: changes in epidemiology and risk factors,’ Blood, 100(13): 4358–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. McGee, and A. Caplan (1999) ‘The ethics and politics of small sacrifices in stem cell research,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 9(2): 151–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. McLaren (2001) Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research, Nature 414: 129–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Meilaender (2001) ‘The point of a ban: or how to think about stem cell research,’ Hastings Center Report, 31(1): 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Meissner, and R. Jaenisch (2005) ‘Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluripotent ES cells from cloned Cdx2-deficient blastocysts,’ Nature, (Oct 16).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. R. Meyer (2002) ‘Human embryonic stem cells and respect for life,’ Journal of Medical Ethics, 26: 166–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. J. Meyer, and L. J. Nelson (2001) ‘Respecting what we destroy: reflections on human embryo research,’ Hastings Center Report, 31: 16–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Murray (2005) ‘Will new ways of creating stem cells dodge the objections?’ Hastings Center Report 32(1): 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health (2002) ‘Stem Cells: A Primer, Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health,’ available at www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm (accessed April 6, 2003).

  • National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine (2002) ‘Stem Cell and the Future of Regenerative Medicine,’ (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Noonan (1970) ‘An almost absolute value in history,’ in The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives, (ed.) J. Noonan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • D. Orlic et al. (2001) ‘Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium,’ Nature 410: 701–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Ostenfeld, and C. N. Svendsen (2003) ‘Recent advances in stem cell neurobiology,’ Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, 28: 3–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Outka (2002) ‘The ethics of human stem cell research,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 12(2): 175–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Peault, E. Oberlin, and M. Tavian (2002) ‘Emergence of hematopoietic stem cells in the human embryo,’ Comptes Rendus Biology 325(10): 1021–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Poulsom, et al. (2001) ‘Bone marrow contributes to renal parenchymal turnover and regeneration,’ Journal of Pathology, 195: 229–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. L. Preston (2003) ‘The new stem cell biology: something for everyone,’ Molecular Pathology, 56(2): 86–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. J. Raddin (1991) ‘Reflections on objectification,’ Southern California Law Review, 65: 341–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Raddin (1989) ‘Justice and the market domain,’ in R. Pennock and J. Chapman (eds), Markets and Justice (New York: New York University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Rawls (1971) A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Resnik (2001) ‘Regulating the Market for Human Eggs,’ Bioethics, 15: 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I. N. Rich (2003) ‘In vitro hematotoxicity testing in drug development: a review of past, present and future applications,’ Current Opinion Drug Discovery Development, 6(1): 100–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Richards, et al. (2002) ‘Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells,’ Nature Biotechnology, 20(9): 933–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Rothman (1999) ‘The international organ traffic,’ in Moral Issues in a Global Perspective (ed.) C. Koggel (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press): 611–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Sample (2003) Exploitation: What It Is and Why It’s Wrong (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Scheper-Hughes (2000) ‘The global traffic in human organs,’ Current Anthropology, 41 (April): 2–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Semb (2005) ‘Human embryonic stem cells: origin, properties and applications,’ APMIS, 113(11–12): 743–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Shanner (2001) ‘Stem cell terminology: practical, theological and ethical implications,’ Health Law Review Papers (September 2): 62–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Smaglik (1999) ‘Promise and problems loom for stem cell gene therapy,’ Scientist, 13:14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Solter, and J. Gearhart (1999) ‘Putting stem cells to work,’ Science, 283(5407): 1468–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Spar (2004) ‘The business of stem cells,’ New England Journal of Medicine, 351: 211–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Steinbock (2000) ‘What does ‘respect for embryos’ mean in the context of stem cell research?’ Women’s Health Issues, 10(3): 127–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Strong (1997) ‘The moral status of preembryos, embryos, fetuses, and infants,’ Journal of Medical Philosophy, 22: 457–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Network of Organ Sharing, a US non-profit organization and clearing house. Available at www.unos.org (accessed April 2006).

  • A. Vats, et al. (2002) ‘Stem cells: sources and applications,’ Clinical Otolaryngology, 27(4): 227–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Warren (1973) ‘On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,’ The Monist, 57(1): 43–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Warren (1997) Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things (New York: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Werthheimer (1999) Exploitation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2014 Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Marin Gillis

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Melo-Martin, I., Gillis, M. (2014). Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Embryos and Beyond. In: Sandler, R.L. (eds) Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137349088_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics