Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differential Diagnosis of Status Epilepticus

Pseudostatus Epilepticus

  • Chapter
Status Epilepticus

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurologic emergency that needs to be identified rapidly, with aggressive treatment initiated as early as possible. Many medical and psychiatric conditions can be mistaken for SE, and understanding this differential is one of the most important tasks of the neurologist and emergency department (ED) physician; treating patients for status who do not have it may be harmful. Many individuals present to the ED or intensive care unit (ICU) with sudden and prolonged behavioral change presumed to be SE but ultimately diagnosed as something else (1–8). When patients have motor events that mimic convulsive seizures and a history of “known recurrent status epilepticus” or “poorly treated epilepsy,” the bias that these events represent true seizures may be strong enough to compel action early—before history, examination, or laboratory testing clarify the diagnosis (9).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gunatilake SB, De Silva HJ, Ranasinghe G. Twenty-seven venous cutdowns to treat pseudostatus epilepticus. Seizure 1997;6:71–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Howell SJL, Owen L, Chadwick DW. Pseudostatus epilepticus. Q J Med 1989;71:507–519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pakalnis A, Drake ME, Phillips BB. Neuropsychiatric aspects of psychogenic status epilepticus. Neurology 1991;41:1104–1106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Christensen RC, Szlabowicz JW. Factitious status epilepticus as a particular form of Munchausen’s syndrome. Neurology 1980;41:2009–2010.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Levitan M, Bruni J. Repetitive pseudoseizures incorrectly managed as status epilepticus. CMAJ 1986;134:1029–1031.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Pakalnis A, Paolicchi J, Gilles E. Psychogenic status epilepticus in children: psychiatric and other risk factors. Neurology 2000;54:969–970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wilner AN, Bream PR. Status epilepticus and pseudostatus epilepticus. Seizure 1993;2:257–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rechlin F, Loew TH, Javorsky P. Pseudoseizures: “status.” Psychosom Res 1997;42:495–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gulick TA, Spinks IP, King DW. Pseudoseizures: ictal phenomena. Neurology 1982;32:24–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Treiman D. Status epilepticus. In: Gilman S, ed. Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lempert T, Bauer M, Schmidt D. Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 cases of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol 1994;36:233–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord 1998;13(suppl 3):2–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Vercueil L, Hirsch E. Seizures and the basal ganglia: a review of the clinical data. Epileptic Disord 2002;4(suppl 3):S47–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wolanczyk T, Grabowska-Grzyb A. Transient dystonia in three patients treated with tiagabine. Epilepsia 2001;42:944–946.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jankovic J, Fahn S. Dystonic disorders. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, Scott-Conoor CE, eds. Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders. 3rd ed. Phildadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 1998:513–551.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Saposnik G, Caplan LR. Convulsive-like movements in brainstem stroke. Arch Neurol 2001;58:654–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Srikiatkhachan A, Hemachudha T. Tetanus. In: Gilman S, ed. Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Walters A. Periodic limb movements. In: Gilman S, ed. Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Young GB, Gilbert JJ, Zochodne DW. The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology 1990;40:1843–1848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wijdicks EFM, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW. Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 1994;35:239–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lance JW, Adams RD. The syndrome of intention or action myoclonus as a sequel to hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain 1963;86:111–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gwinn KA, Caviness JN. Electrophysiological observations in idiopathic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Mov Disord 1997;12:438–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fusco L, Pachatz C, Cusmai R, Vigevano F. Repetitive sleep starts in neurologically impaired children: an unusual non-epileptic manifestation in otherwise epileptic subjects. Epileptic Disord 1999;1:63–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Noachtar S, Ebner A, Witte OW, Seitz RJ. Palatal tremor of cortical origin presenting as epilepsia partialis continua. Epilepsia 1995;36:207–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rickards H. Tics and fits. The current status of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and its relationship with epilepsy. Seizure 1995;4:259–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lance JW. Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis and its differentiation from related syndromes. Ann Neurol 1977;2:285 (abstract).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Montagna P. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:375–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kertesz A. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis: an entity within the paroxysmal choreoathetosis syndrome. Description of 10 cases, including 1 autopsied. Neurology 1967;17:680–690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jankovic J, Nutt JG. Blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia (Meige’s syndrome): familial ocurrence. Adv Neurol 1988;49:117–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Tutuncuoglu S, Kantar M, Tekgul H, Candan C. Akinetic mutism due to diphenylhydantoin toxicity. Turk J Pediatr 1997;39:403–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gelenberg AJ. The catatonic syndrome. Lancet 1976;1:1339–1341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Carroll BT, Anfinson TJ, Kennedy JC, Yendrek R, Boutros M, Bilon A. Catatonic disorders due to general medical conditions. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1994;6:122–133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Louis ED, Pflaster NL. Catatonia mimicking nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1995;36:943–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lim J, Yagnik P, Schraeder P, Wheeler S. Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:833–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kanazawa O, Kawai I. Status epilepticus characterized by repetitive asymmetrical atonia: two cases accompanied by partial seizures. Epilepsia 1990;31:536–543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kalafut MA, Saver JL. Basilar artery stroke. In: Gilman S, ed. Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Drislane FW. Presentation, evaluation, and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2000;1:301–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Whitley RJ. Viral encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1990;323:242–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Drislane FW. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in patients with cancer. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1994;96:314–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R, Eichen J, Posner JB, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological factors, and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 2000;123:1481–1494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Morris HH, Estes ML. Traveler’s amnesia. JAMA 1987;258:945–946.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fisher CM, Adams RD. Transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand 1964;40(suppl 9):1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hodges JR, Warlow CP. Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards a classification. A study of 153 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:834–843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sander D, Winbeck K, Etgen T, Knapp R, Klingelhofer J, Conrad B. Disturbances of venous flow in patients with transient global amnesia. Lancet 2000;356:1982–1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Miller JW, Peterson RC, Metter EJ, Millikan CH, Yaragihara T. Transient global amnesia: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Neurology 1987;37:733–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cole A. Is epilepsy a progressive disease? The neurobiological consequences of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000;41(suppl 2):S13–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mendez MF, Catanzaro P, Ross RC, Arguello R, Frey WH. Seizures in Alzheimer’s disease: clinicopathologic study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1994;7:230–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jain KK. Drug-induced seizures. In: Gilman S, ed; Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Thomas P, Beaumanoir A, Genton P, Dolisi C, Chatel M. “De novo” absence status of late onset: report of 11 cases. Neurology 1992;42:104–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Soriani S, Carrozzi M, De Carlo L, Plazzi G, Provini F, Rothstein JD, Tinuper P, Bouquet F, Lugaresi E, Montagna P. Endozepine stupor in children. Cephalalgia 1997;17:658–661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Burdette DE. Flumazenil-responsive stupor. Cephalalgia 1998;18:5–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Leicester J. Temper tantrums, epilepsy and episodic dyscontrol. Br J Psychiatry 1982;141:262–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Dunn DW, Austin JK, Harezlak J, Ambrosius WT. ADHD and epilepsy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45:50–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Adebimpe VR. Complex partial seizures simulating schizophrenia. JAMA 1977;237:1339–1341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs 2002;16:803–810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lucas JA, Parisi JE. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord 2001;6:622–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Burgio KL, Locher JL, Ives DG, Hardin JM, Newman AB, Kuller LH. Nocturnal enuresis in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:139–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kramer NR, Bonitati AE, Millman RP. Enuresis and obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Chest 1998;114:634–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lesser RP, Lueders H, Conomy JP, Furlan AJ, Dinner DS. Sensory seizure mimicking a psychogenic seizure. Neurology 1983;33:800–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bromfield EB. Somatosensory, special sensory, and autonomic phenomena in seizures. Semin Neurol 1991;11:91–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kerr WJ, Gliebe PA, Dalton JW. Physical phenomena associated with anxiety states: the hyperventilation syndrome. Calif West Med 1938;48:12–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Meador KJ, Moser E. Negative seizures. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000;6:731–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Barry E, Sussmann NM, Bosley TM, Harner RN. Ictal blindness and status epilepticus amauroticus. Epilepsia 1985;26:577–584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Vernea JJ. Partial status epilepticus with speech arrest. Proc Aust Assoc Neurol 1974;11:224–248.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Wells CR, Labor DR, Solomon GE. Aphasia as the sole manifestation of simple partial status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1992;33:84–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Grimes DA, Guberman A. De novo aphasic status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1997;38:945–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Liberman J, Lipton RB. Prevalence of frequent headache in a population sample. Headache 1998;38:497–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Scott JS, Masland RL. Occurrence of “continuous symptoms” in epilepsy patients. Neurology 1953;3:297–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Siegel AM, Williamson PD, Roberts DW, Thadani VM, Darcey TM. Localized pain associated with seizures originating in the parietal lobe. Epilepsia 1999;40:845–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Whitty CW. Causalgic pain as an epileptic aura. Epilepsia 1953;2:37–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Young GB, Blume WT. Painful epileptic seizures. Brain 1983;106:537–554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Isler HR, Wieser HG, Egli M. Hemicrania epileptica. In: Rose FC, ed. Progress in Migraine Research 2. London: Pitman Books; 1984:69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Andermann F, Lugaresi E. Migraine and Epilepsy. Boston: Butterworth; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Van Buren JM. The abdominal aura: a study of abdominal sensations occurring in epilepsy and produced by depth stimulation. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1963;15:1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Wieser HG. Aura continua. In: Gilman S, ed. Neurology Medlink, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Stodieck SR, Wieser HG. Autonomic phenomena in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Autonom Nerv Syst 1986;(suppl):611–621.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hausser-Hauw C, Bancaud J. Gustatory hallucinations in epileptic seizures. Brain 1987;110:339–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wieser HG, Hailemariam S, Regard M, Landis T. Unilateral limbic epileptic status activity: stereo EEG, behavioral and cognitive data. Epilepsia 1985;26:19–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Spatt J, Mamoli B. Ictal visual hallucinations and post-ictal hemianopsia with anosognosia. Seizure 2000;9:502–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Panayiotopoulos CP. Visual phenomena and headache in occipital epilepsy: a review, a systematic study and differentiation from migraine. Epileptic Disord 1999;1:205–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gilliam F, Wyllie E. Ictal amaurosis: MRI, EEG, and clinical features. Neurology 1995;45:1619–1621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lance JW. Current concepts of migraine pathogenesis. Neurology 1993:43(suppl 3):S11–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Schiffter R, Straschill M. Aura continua musicalis-Bericht űber einen Krankheitsfall mit sensorischem status epilepticus. Nervenarzt 1977;48:321–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP, Cohen BA. Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1983;46:570–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lanska DJ, Remler B. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: classic descriptions, origins of the provocative positioning technique and conceptual developments. Neurology 1997;48:1167–1177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Weil AA. Ictal depression and anxiety in temporal lobe disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1956;113:149–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Henriksen GF. Status epilepticus partialis with fear as clinical expression. Report of a case and ictal EEG-findings. Epilepsia 1973;14:39–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McLachlan RS, Blume WT. Isolated fear and complex partial status epilepticus. Ann Neurol 1980;8:639–641.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hermann BP, Dikmen S, Schwartz MS, Karnes WE. Interictal psychopathology in patients with ictal fear: a quantitative investigation. Neurology 1982;32:7–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Spitz MC. Panic disorder in seizure patients: a diagnostic pitfall. Epilepsia 1991;32:33–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Young GB, Chandarana PC, Blume WT, McLachlan RS, Munoz DG, Girvin JP. Mesial temporal lobe seizures presenting as anxiety disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:352–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dantendorfer K, Amering M, Baischer W, Berger P, Steinberger K, Windhaber J, Katschnig H. Is there a pathophysiological and therapeutic link between panic disorder and epilepsy? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;91:430–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Dale MC. Distinguishing between partial seizures and panic attacks. Psychotic and behavioural symptoms are also common in elderly patients. BMJ 2001;322:864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Benbadis SR, Hauser WR. An estimate of the prevalence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Seizure 2000;9:280–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lesser RP. Psychogenic seizures. Neurology 1996;46:1499–1507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. King DW, Gallagher BB, Murvin AJ, Smith DB, Marcus DJ, Hartlage LC, Ward LC 3rd. Pseudoseizures: diagnostic evaluation. Neurology 1982;32:18–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Holmes GL, Sackellares JC, McKiernan J, Ragland M, Dreifuss FE. Evaluation of childhood pseudoseizures using EEG telemetry and videotape monitoring. J Pediatr 1980;97:554–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tuxhorn IE, Fischbach HS. Pseudostatus epilepticus in childhood. Pediatr Neurol 2002;27:407–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Desai BT, Porter RJ, Penry JK. Psychogenic seizures: a study of 42 attacks in six patients, with intensive monitoring. Arch Neurol 1982;39:202–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sigurdartottir KR, Olafsson E. Incidence of psychogenic seizures in adults: a population based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 1998;39:749–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Szaflarski JP, Ficker DM, Cahill WT, Privitera MD. Four-year incidence of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in adults in Hamilton County, OH. Neurology 2000;55:1561–1563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lancman ME, Brotherton TA, Asconape JJ, Penry JK. Psychogenic seizures in adults: a longitudinal analysis. Seizure 1993;2:281–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Leis AA, Ross MA, Summers AK. Psychogenic seizures: Ictal characteristics and diagnostic pitfalls. Neurology 1992;42:95–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Breier JI, Fuchs KL, Brookshire BL, Wheless J, Thomas AB, Constantinou J, Willmore LJ. Quality of life perception in patients with intractable epilepsy or pseudoseizures. Arch Neurol 1998;55:660–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Loring DW, Meador KJ, King DW, Hermann BP. Relationship between quality of life variables and personality factors in patients with epilepsy and non-epileptic seizures. in: Gates JR, Rowan AJ, eds. Non-Epileptic Seizures, 2nd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000:159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Barry E, Krumholz A, Bergey GK, Chatha H, Alemayehu S, Grattan L. Nonepileptic posttraumatic seizures. Epilepsia 1998;39:427–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Liske E, Forster FM Pseudoseizures: A problem in the diagnosis and management of epileptic patients. Neurology 1964;14:41–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Mohan KK, Markand ON, Salanova V. Diagnostic utility of video EEG monitoring in paroxysmal events. Acta Neurol Scand 1996;94:320–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Harden CL, Burgut FT, Kanner AM. The diagnostic significance of video EEG monitoring findings on pseudoseizure patients differs between neurologists and psychiatrists. Epilepsia 2003;44:453–456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Reuber M, Fernandez G, Bauer J, Helmstaedter C, Elger CE. Diagnostic delay in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 2002;58:493–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ney GC, Zimmerman C, Schaul N. Psychogenic status epilepticus induced by a provocative technique. Neurology 1996;46:546–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Savard G, Andermann F, Teitelbaum J, Lehmann H. Epileptic Munchausen’s Syndrome: a form of pseudoseizures distinct from hysteria and malingering. Neurology 1988;38:1628–1629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lelliot PT, Fenwick P. Cerebral pathology in pseudoseizures. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;83:129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Mace CJ, Trimble MR. Ten-year prognosis of conversion disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:282–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Krumholz A, Niedermeyer E. Psychogenic seizures: a clinical study with follow-up data. Neurology 1983;33:498–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. van Merode T, de Krom MC, Knottnerus JA. Gender-related differences in non-epileptic attacks: a study of patients’ cases in the literature. Seizure 1997;6:311–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Bortz J, Blum D. Nonepileptic seizures may be underappreciated in men. Neurology Rev 2000;10:31.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Bowman ES. Nonepileptic seizures: Psychiatric framework, treatment and outcome. Neurology 1999;53(suppl 2):S84–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Sirven JI, Glosser DS. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: theoretic and clinical considerations. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1998;11:225–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gates JR, Ramani V, Whalen S, Loewenson R. Ictal characteristics of pseudoseizures. Arch Neurol 1985;42:1183–1187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Groppel G, Kapitany T, Baumgartner C. Cluster analysis of clinical seizure semiology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 2000;41:610–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Peguero E, Abou-Khalil B, Falchoury T, Matthews G. Self-injury and incontinence in psychogenic seizures. Epilepsia 1995;36:586–591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Bare MA, Burnstine TH, Fisher RS, Lesser RP. Electroencephalographic changes during simple partial seizures. Epilepsia 1994;35:715–720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Devinsky O, Kelley K, Porter RJ, Theodore WH. Clinical and electroencephalographic features of simple partial seizures. Neurology 1988;38:1347–1352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Gastaut H, Broughton R. Epileptic Seizures. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Alving J. Serum prolactin levels are elevated also after pseudoepileptic seizures. Seizure 1998;7:85–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Anzola GP. Predictivity of plasma prolactin levels in differentiating epilepsy from pseudoseizures:a prospective study. Epilepsia 1993;34:1044–1048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Benbadis SR, Johnson K, Anthony K, Caines G, Hess G, Jackson C, Vale FL, Tatum WO. Induction of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures without placebo. Neurology 2000;26;55:1904–1905.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Walczak TS, Papcostas S, Williams DT, Scheuer ML, Lebowitz N, Notarfrancesco A. Outcome after diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1995;36:1131–1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ettinger AB, Devinsky O, Weisbrot DM, Ramakrishna RK, Goyal A. A comprehensive profile of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1999;40:1292–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Shen, W, Bowman ES, Markand ON. Presenting the diagnosis of pseudoseizure. Neurology 1990;40:756–759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lempert T, Schmidt D. Natural history and outcome of psychogenic seizures: a clinical study in 50 Patients. J Neurol 1990;237:35–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Martin RC, Gilliam FG, Kilgore M, Faught E, Kuzniecky R. Improved health care resource utilization following video EEG confirmed diagnosis of nonepileptic psychogenic seizures. Seizure 1998;7:385–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Selwa LM, Geyer J, Nikakhtar N, Brown MB, Schuh LA, Duny I. Nonepileptic seizures outcome varies by type of spell and duration of illness. Epilepsia 2000;41:1330–1334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Meierkord H, Will B, Fish D, Shorvon S. The clinical features and prognosis of pseudoseizure diagnosed using video EEG telemetry. Neurology 1991;41:1643–1646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Berkhoff M, Briellmann RS, Radanov BP, Donati F, Hess C. Developmental background and outcome in patients with nonepileptic versus epileptic seizures: a controlled study. Epilepsia 1998;39:463–469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Buchanan N, Snars J. Pseudoseizures (non-epileptic attack disorder)-clinical management and outcome in 50 patients. Seizure 1993;2:141–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Ettinger AB, Dhoon A, Weisbrot DM, Devinsky O. Predictive factors for outcome of nonepileptic seizures after diagnosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;11:450–463.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Betts T, Boden S. Diagnosis, management and prognosis of a group of 128 patients with non-epileptic attack disorder. Part I. Seizure 1992;1:19–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Reuber M, Pukrop R, Bauer J, Hekmstaedter C, Tessendorf N, Elger CE. Outcome in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: 1–10 year follow-up in 164 patients. Ann Neurol 2003;53:305–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Reuber M, Elger C. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Barbara A. Dworetzky MD & Edward B. Bromfield MD

Authors
  1. Barbara A. Dworetzky MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Edward B. Bromfield MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

    Frank W. Drislane MD (Associate Professor of Neurology) (Associate Professor of Neurology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dworetzky, B.A., Bromfield, E.B. (2005). Differential Diagnosis of Status Epilepticus. In: Drislane, F.W. (eds) Status Epilepticus. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-945-1:033

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-945-1:033

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-355-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-945-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation