Skip to main content

Citrus Protoplast Isolation and Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Somatic Embryogenesis

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2527))

Abstract

Protoplasts are an attractive explant source for biotechnological tools widely used on citrus genetic improvement, such as somatic hybridization and direct genetic transformation. These delicate and responsive materials are subjected to cell proliferation induction and differentiation of somatic embryos which further regenerate into entire plants. The isolation of viable protoplasts followed by regeneration of plants through somatic embryogenesis is an important methodology for breeding applications. The methods presented here can also be used as a reference for protoplast work in other species, followed by protocol optimization for different species/genotypes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Johnson AAT, Veilleux RE (2001) Somatic hybridization and application in plant breeding. In: Janick J (ed) Plant breeding rev 20. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 167–225

    Google Scholar 

  2. Davey M, Anthony P, Patel D, Power J (2010) Plant protoplasts: isolation, culture and plant regeneration. In: Davey M, Anthony P (eds) Plant cell culture: essential methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 2153–2173

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Omar AA, Song WY, Grosser JW (2007) Introduction of the Xa21, Xanthomonas resistance gene from rice, into ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange [citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck] using protoplast/GFP co-transformation and single plasmid transformation. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 82(6):914–923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Grosser JW, Gmitter Junior FG (2011) Protoplast fusion for production of tetraploids and triploids: applications for scion and rootstock breeding in citrus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 104:343–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu Y, Xue Y, Tang J, Chen J, Chen M (2019) Efficient mesophyll protoplast isolation and development of a transient expression system for castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.). Biol Futur 70(1):8–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Grosser JW, Gmitter FG Jr (1990) Protoplast fusion and citrus improvement. Plant Breed Rev 8:339–374

    Google Scholar 

  7. Soriano L, Mourão Filho FAA, Camargo LEA, Cristofani-Yaly M, Latado RR, Pacheco CA et al (2012) Regeneration and characterization of somatic hybrids combining sweet orange and mandarin/mandarin hybrid cultivars for citrus scion improvement. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 111:385–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim MJ, Yun SH, Park SM, Jin SB, Song K (2020) Characterization of allotetraploids derived from protoplast fusion between navel orange and kumquat. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 56:634–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ruiz M, Pensabene-Bellavia G, Quiñones A, García-Lor A, Morillon R, Ollitrault P et al (2018) Molecular characterization and stress tolerance evaluation of new allotetraploid somatic hybrids between Carrizo Citrange and Citrus macrophylla W. rootstocks. Front Plant Sci 9:901 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00901.

  10. Eeckhaut T, Lakshmanan P, Deryckere D, Van Huylenbroeck J, Van Bockstaele E (2013) Progress in plant protoplast research. Planta 238:991–1003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hassanein A, Hamama L, Loridon K, Dorion N (2009) Direct gene transfer study and transgenic plant regeneration after electroporation into mesophyll protoplasts of pelargonium x hortorum, ‘panache Sud’. Plant Cell Rep 28:1521–1530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Masani MY, Noll GA, Parveez GK, Sambanthamurthi R, Prüfer D (2014) Efficient transformation of oil palm protoplasts by PEG-mediated transfection and DNA microinjection. PLoS One 9(5):e96831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lin CS, Hsu CT, Yang LH, Lee LY, Fu JY, Cheng QW et al (2018) Application of protoplast technology to CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis: from single-cell mutation detection to mutant plant regeneration. Plant Biotechnol J 16(7):1295–1310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Salonia F, Ciacciulli A, Poles L, Pappalardo HD, La Malfa S, Licciardello C (2020) New plant breeding techniques in citrus for the improvement of important agronomic traits - a review. Front Plant Sci 11:1234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Murashige T, Tuker DPH (1969) Growth factor requirement of citrus tissue culture. In: International citrus symposium. University of California, Riverside, pp 1155–1169

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Soriano, L., Omar, A.A., Martinelli, A.P. (2022). Citrus Protoplast Isolation and Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis. In: Ramírez-Mosqueda, M.A. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2527. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2484-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2485-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics