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Comparative Analysis of Physical Traits of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in South Africa and the United States and the Likelihood of FASD Births

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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 188))

Abstract

The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in recent years was 29% among children in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and 6.5% in four regions of the United States. Population-based studies in the general populations of these countries have greatly improved our understanding of the full continuum of FASD and provided large amounts of data on the physical and neurobehavioral traits of children with FASD. This chapter provides explicit detail of the physical growth and development and dysmorphology among children with FASD in both countries and compares their traits with those children who are developing typically in their respective communities. The findings in the two countries are then compared to one another for the diagnoses of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS), and alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND). Over and above the cardinal features of FAS, many other minor anomalies that affect children with FASD in one country also affect children in the other. However, the pattern of effects is influenced not only by the level of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) but moderated in severity by distal maternal risk factors such as social and cultural environments and common racial and ethnic phenotypic characteristics. The data underscore the importance of assessing growth and dysmorphology in assigning all diagnoses in the FASD continuum, including ARND. Assessment of growth and dysmorphology in children with an FASD and comparison to typical development in the same population play an essential role in understanding and diagnosing the continuum of FASD.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA

    Philip A. May & Julie M. Hasken

  2. University of New Mexico, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use & Addictions, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Philip A. May & Wendy O. Kalberg

  3. Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg, South Africa

    Anna-Susan Marais & Marlene M. de Vries

  4. Sanford Chdilren’s Genomic Medicine Consortium, Sioux Falls, USA

    H. Eugene Hoyme

  5. The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Sioux Falls, USA

    H. Eugene Hoyme

  6. Stanford University School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Palo Alto, USA

    Melanie A. Manning

Authors
  1. Philip A. May
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  2. Julie M. Hasken
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  3. Anna-Susan Marais
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  4. Marlene M. de Vries
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  5. Wendy O. Kalberg
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  6. Melanie A. Manning
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  7. H. Eugene Hoyme
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip A. May .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Pediatrics and Child Health and Dept. of Biochem & Med. Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Albert E. Chudley

  2. Dept. of Biochem & Med. Genetics, Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Geoff G. Hicks

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© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

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May, P.A. et al. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Physical Traits of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in South Africa and the United States and the Likelihood of FASD Births. In: Chudley, A.E., Hicks, G.G. (eds) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Neuromethods, vol 188. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2613-9_6

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  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2612-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2613-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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