Abstract
Murine models are currently the preferred approach for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene-targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function, and as a result, in vivo techniques are indispensible in evaluating cardiac phenotype. Traditionally, the pathologic assessment of sacrificed hearts was used to study cardiac pathophysiology in small animals. Below we describe the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy-Doppler analysis to temporally assess cardiac function in mouse embryos. Methods are described for obtaining 2D, pulsed-wave Doppler, and M-mode imaging using standard clinical cardiac ultrasound imaging planes.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
Peak atrial diastolic velocity
- AET:
-
Aortic ejection time
- CO:
-
Cardiac output
- CSA:
-
Valve orifice cross-sectional area
- dP/dt :
-
Left ventricular developed pressure
- DT:
-
Deceleration time
- E:
-
Peak early diastolic velocity
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- EF:
-
Ejection fraction
- fps:
-
Frames/s
- FS:
-
Fractional shortening
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- ICRT:
-
Isovolumic contraction time
- IVRT:
-
Isovolumic relaxation time
- IVS:
-
Interventricular septum
- LV:
-
Left ventricle
- LVOT:
-
Left ventricular outflow tract
- MV:
-
Mitral valve
- PA:
-
Pulmonary artery
- PRF:
-
Pulse-rate frequency
- PSAX:
-
Parasternal short-axis
- PSLAX:
-
Parasternal long-axis
- PV:
-
Pulmonary vein
- RV:
-
Right ventricle
- RVOT:
-
Right ventricular outflow tract
- SV:
-
Stroke volume
- TDI:
-
Tissue Doppler imaging
- VTI:
-
Velocity time interval of the Doppler flow profile
References
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (5R01-HL068838-06) and Scott and White Hospital.
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Golden, H.B., Sunder, S., Liu, Y., Peng, X., Dostal, D.E. (2012). In Utero Assessment of Cardiovascular Function in the Embryonic Mouse Heart Using High-Resolution Ultrasound Biomicroscopy. In: Peng, X., Antonyak, M. (eds) Cardiovascular Development. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 843. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-523-7_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-523-7_23
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Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-522-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-523-7
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