Abstract
Almost all plant cells are surrounded by glycan-rich cell walls, which form much of the plant body and collectively are the largest source of biomass on earth. Plants use polysaccharides for support, defense, signaling, cell adhesion, and as energy storage, and many plant glycans are also important industrially and nutritionally. Understanding the biological roles of plant glycans and the effective exploitation of their useful properties requires a detailed understanding of their structures, occurrence, and molecular interactions. Microarray technology has revolutionized the massively high-throughput analysis of nucleotides, proteins, and increasingly carbohydrates. Using microarrays, the abundance of and interactions between hundreds and thousands of molecules can be assessed simultaneously using very small amounts of analytes. Here we show that carbohydrate microarrays are multifunctional tools for plant research and can be used to map glycan populations across large numbers of samples to screen antibodies, carbohydrate binding proteins, and carbohydrate binding modules and to investigate enzyme activities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ekins R, Chu FW (1999) Microarrays: their origins and applications. Trends Biotechnol 17:217–218
Schena M, Shalon D, Davis RW, Brown PO (1995) Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science 270:467–470
McWilliam I, Chong Kwan M, Hall D (2011) Inkjet printing for the production of protein microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 785:345–361
Park S, Lee M-R, Shin I (2008) Carbohydrate microarrays as powerful tools in studies of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes. Chem Commun:4389–4399
Willats WG, Rasmussen SE, Kristensen T, Mikkelsen JD, Knox JP (2002) Sugar-coated microarrays: a novel slide surface for the high-throughput analysis of glycans. Proteomics 2:1666–1671
Fukui S, Feizi T, Galustian C, Lawson AM, Chai W (2002) Oligosaccharide microarrays for high-throughput detection and specificity assignments of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Nat Biotechnol 20:1011–1017
Feizi T (2000) Progress in deciphering the information content of the ‘glycome’—a crescendo in the closing years of the millennium. Glycoconj J 17:553–565
Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 3:1–30
Fry SC (2004) Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. New Phytol 161:641–675
Willats WGT, McCartney L, Mackie W, Knox JP (2001) Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis. Plant Mol Biol 47:9–27
Bacic A, Harris AJ, Stone BA (1988) In Preiss J (ed) The biochemistry of plants. Academic, New York
Lee KJ, Marcus SE, Knox JP (2011) Cell wall biology: perspectives from cell wall imaging. Mol Plant 4:212–219
Willats WGT, Knox JP, Mikkelsen JD (2006) Pectin: new insights into an old polymer are starting to gel. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:97–104
Albersheim P, Darvill A, Roberts K, Sederoff R, Staehelin A (2011) In Masson S (ed) Plant cell walls. Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Publishing Group, New York
Gilbert HJ (2010) The biochemistry and structural biology of plant cell wall deconstruction. Plant Physiol 153:444–455
Smith DF, Song X, Cummings RD (2008) Use of glycan microarrays to explore specificity of glycan-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 480:417–444 (Chapter 19)
Larsen K, Thygesen MB, Guillaumie F, Willats WG, Jensen KJ (2006) Solid-phase chemical tools for glycobiology. Carbohydr Res 341:1209–1234
Blixt O, Head S, Mondala T, Scanlan C, Huflejt ME, Alvarez R, Bryan MC, Fazio F, Calarese D, Stevens J, Razi N, Stevens DJ, Skehel JJ, van Die I, Burton DR, Wilson IA, Cummings R, Bovin N, Wong CH, Paulson JC (2004) Printed covalent glycan array for ligand profiling of diverse glycan binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17033–17038
Moller I, Marcus SE, Haeger A, Verhertbruggen Y, Verhoef R, Schols H, Ulvskov P, Mikkelsen JD, Knox JP, Willats WGT (2008) High-throughput screening of monoclonal antibodies against plant cell wall glycans by hierarchical clustering of their carbohydrate microarray binding profiles. Glycoconj J 25:37–48
Feizi T, Chai W (2004) Oligosaccharide microarrays to decipher the glyco code. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:582–588
Feizi T, Fazio F, Chai W, Wong CH (2003) Carbohydrate microarrays—a new set of Âtechnologies at the frontiers of glycomics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 13:637–645
Shipp M, Nadella R, Gao H, Farkas V, Sigrist H, Faik A (2008) Glyco-array technology for efficient monitoring of plant cell wall glycosyltransferase activities. Glycoconj J 25:49–58
KosÃk O, Auburn RP, Russell S, Stratilová E, Garajová S, Hrmova M, FarkaÅ¡ V (2010) Polysaccharide microarrays for high-throughput screening of transglycosylase activities in plant extracts. Glycoconj J 27:79–87
Moller I, Sørensen I, Bernal AJ, Blaukopf C, Lee K, Øbro J, Pettolino F, Roberts A, Mikkelsen JD, Knox JP, Bacic A, Willats WG (2007) High-throughput mapping of cell-wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays. Plant J 50:1118–1128
Øbro J, Sørensen I, Derkx P, Madsen CT, Drews M, Willer M, Mikkelsen JD, Willats WG (2009) High-throughput screening of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectin methylesterase variants using carbohydrate microarrays. Proteomics 9:1861–1868
Øbro J, Sørensen I, Moller I, Skjøt M, Mikkelsen J, Willats WGT (2007) High-throughput microarray analysis of pectic polymers by enzymatic epitope deletion. Carbohydr Polym 70:77–81
Singh B, Avci U, Eichler Inwood SE, Grimson MJ, Landgraf J, Mohnen D, Sørensen I, Wilkerson CG, Willats WG, Haigler CH (2009) A specialized outer layer of the primary cell wall joins elongating cotton fibers into tissue-like bundles. Plant Physiol 150:684–699
Moller IE, De Fine Licht HH, Harholt J, Willats WG, Boomsma JJ (2011) The dynamics of plant cell-wall polysaccharide decomposition in leaf-cutting ant fungus gardens. PLoS One 6:e17506
Sørensen I, Pettolino FA, Wilson SM, Doblin MS, Johansen B, Bacic A, Willats WGT (2008) Mixed linkage (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucan is not unique to the Poales and is an abundant component of Equisetum arvense cell walls. Plant J 54:510–521
Chae K, Lord EM (2010) Pollen tube growth and guidance: roles of small, secreted proteins. Ann Bot 108:627–636
Mollet J-C, Park S-Y, Nothnagel EA, Lord EM (2000) A lily stylar pectin is necessary for pollen tube adhesion to an in vitro stylar matrix. Plant Cell 12:1737–1750
Cid M, Pedersen HL, Kaneko S, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Willats WG, Boraston AB (2010) Recognition of the helical structure of beta-1,4-galactan by a new family of carbohydrate-binding modules. J Biol Chem 285:35999–36009
Mahendran T, Williams PA, Phillips GO, Al-Assaf S, Baldwin TC (2008) New insights into the structural characteristics of the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) fraction of gum arabic. J Agric Food Chem 56:9269–9276
Guillaumie F, Sterling JD, Jensen KJ, Thomas OR, Mohnen D (2003) Solid-supported enzymatic synthesis of pectic oligogalacturonides and their analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 338:1951–1960
Spadiut O, Ibatullin FM, Peart J, Gullfot F, Martinez-Fleites C, Ruda M, Xu C, Sundqvist G, Davies GJ, Brumer H (2011) Building custom polysaccharides in vitro with an efficient, broad-specificity xyloglucan glycosynthase and a fucosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 133:10892–10900
Davis BG (2000) Recent developments in oligosaccharide synthesis. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2137–2160
Kaji E, Nishino T, Ishige K, Ohya Y, Shirai Y (2010) Regioselective glycosylation of fully unprotected methyl hexopyranosides by means of transient masking of hydroxy groups with arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 51:1570–1573
Lawandi J, Rocheleau S, Moitessier N (2011) Directing/protecting groups mediate highly regioselective glycosylation of monoprotected acceptors. Tetrahedron 67:8411–8420
Carmona AT, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Robina I (2008) Glycosylation methods in oligosaccharide synthesis. Part 1. Curr Org Synth 5:33–60
Carmona AT, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Robina I (2008) Glycosylation methods in oligosaccharide synthesis. Part 2. Curr Org Synth 5:81–116
Demchenko AV (ed) (2008) Handbook of chemical glycosylation. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Fraser-Reid B, López JC (eds) (2011) Reactivity tuning in oligosaccharide assembly. Topics in current chemistry, vol 301. Springer, Berlin
Nakahara Y, Ogawa T (1990) Stereoselective total synthesis of dodecagalacturonic acid, a phytoalexin elicitor of soybean. Carbohydr Res 205:147–159
Clausen MH, Madsen R (2003) Synthesis of hexasaccharide fragments of pectin. Chem Eur J 9:3821–3832
Clausen MH, Madsen R (2004) Synthesis of oligogalacturonates conjugated to BSA. Carbohydr Res 339:2159–2169
Petersen BO, Meier S, Duus JØ, Clausen MH (2008) Structural characterization of homogalacturonan by NMR spectroscopy—assignment of reference compounds. Carbohydr Res 343:2830–2833
Reiffarth D, Reimer KB (2008) Synthesis of two repeat units corresponding to the Âbackbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I. Carbohydr Res 343:179–188
Maruyama M, Takeda T, Shimizu N, Hada N, Yamada H (2000) Synthesis of a model compound related to an anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 325:83–92
Nemati N, Karapetyan G, Nolting B, Endress HU, Vogel C (2008) Synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I fragments by a modular design principle. Carbohydr Res 343:1730–1742
Scanlan EM, Mackeen MM, Wormald MR, Davis BG (2010) Synthesis and solution-phase conformation of the RG-I fragment of the plant polysaccharide pectin reveals a modification-modulated assembly mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 132:7238–7239
Du Y, Pan Q, Kong F (2000) An efficient and concise regioselective synthesis of α-(1→5)-linked l-arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 329:17–24
El-Shenawy H, Schuerch C (1984) Synthesis and characterization of propyl O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-galactopyraÂnosyl-(1→4)-α-d-galactopyranoside. Carbohydr Res 131:239–246
Fekete A, Borbás A, Antus S, Lipták A (2009) Synthesis of 3,6-branched arabinogalactan-type tetra and hexasaccharides for characterization of monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydr Res 344:1434–1441
Chauvin AL, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA (2005) Synthesis of a 2,3,4-triglycosylated rhamnoside fragment of rhamnogalacturonan-II side chain A using a late stage oxidation approach. J Org Chem 70:960–966
Rao Y, Boons GJ (2007) A highly convergent chemical synthesis of conformational epitopes of rhamnogalacturonan II. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:6148–6151
Rao Y, Buskas T, Albert A, O’Neill MA, Hahn MG, Boons GJ (2008) Synthesis and immunological properties of a tetrasaccharide portion of the B side chain of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). Chembiochem 9:381–388
Takeo K, Ohguchi Y, Hasegawa R, Kitamura S (1995) Synthesis of (1→4)-β-d-xylo-oligosaccharides of dp 4–10 by a blockwise approach. Carbohydr Res 278:301–313
Seeberger PH, Haase WC (2000) Solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis and combinatorial carbohydrate libraries. Chem Rev 100:4349–4394
Weishaupt M, Eller S, Seeberger PH (2010) In Fukuda M (ed) Solid phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. Methods Enzymol 478:463–484
Boltje TJ, Kim JH, Park J, Boons GJ (2010) Chiral-auxiliary-mediated 1,2-cis-glycosylations for the solid-supported synthesis of a biologically important branched alpha-glucan. Nat Chem 2:552–557
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Fangel, J.U. et al. (2012). Carbohydrate Microarrays in Plant Science. In: Normanly, J. (eds) High-Throughput Phenotyping in Plants. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 918. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-995-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-995-2_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-994-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-995-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols