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Analysis of Cell Migration During Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection

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Virus-Host Interactions

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1064))

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Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (Mφ), and their precursors monocytes are susceptible to infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the natural host as well as in vitro. Due to their proficient ability to take up and present antigens to the lymphocytes these cells are also called antigen presenting cells (APC) and represent a crucial component that HCMV needs to disable in order to limit the antiviral immune reaction. It is well known that cell trafficking is an essential property of APC. Monocytes and DC are usually regarded as very motile cells and their trafficking properties through the blood vessels, the peripheral tissues, and the lymphoid organs are intensively studied. On the other hand, although often considered a resident population, Mφ are also motile and can actively migrate into areas of infection, inflammation, and tissue regeneration. The movements of monocytes, DC, and Mφ require a tight control that is mainly assured by chemokines (CK) and their receptors.

While it is quite common to study the expression of chemokine receptors by flow cytometry, methods for the investigation of the chemokine receptor functionality are less widespread. In this chapter, we describe different techniques that can help in the analysis of cell migration in response to CK. Cell polarization assays measure the rapid morphological changes that follow the chemokine receptors’ engagement by their ligands. Actin polymerization assays measure the subsequent conversion of globular units of actin into dynamic filaments. Finally, chemotaxis assays quantify the cell movements along a CK gradient.

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Acknowledgments

Giada Frascaroli wishes to thank Dr. Silvano Sozzani (University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy) and the passed away Walther Luini for introducing and guiding into this topic.

This study was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) project SPP 1175 Me 1740/1, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) Project C, the Carl Zeiss Stiftung Project “Infektionsbiologie humaner Makrophagen,” the Ludovisi-Blanceflor Stiftung, and by RFO2009 from the University of Bologna, Italy.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Stefania Varani

  2. Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany

    Giada Frascaroli

Authors
  1. Stefania Varani
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  2. Giada Frascaroli
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Stuttgart Institute of Interfacial Process, Stuttgart, Germany

    Susanne M. Bailer

  2. Ulm University Medical Center Institute of Virology, Ulm, Germany

    Diana Lieber

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Varani, S., Frascaroli, G. (2013). Analysis of Cell Migration During Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection. In: Bailer, S., Lieber, D. (eds) Virus-Host Interactions. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1064. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-601-6_22

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-601-6_22

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-600-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-601-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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