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Superconductors

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Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Superconductors superconductor are characterized by an anomalous temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. Below a critical temperature T c, their resistivity drops by more than a factor of 1010. In superconductors the magnetic flux density B = μ r B a induced by an externally applied field H a is zero, like in ideal diamagnets with μ r = 0 (Meißner–Ochsenfeld effect). If H a exceeds a critical value H c the superconductor becomes normal conducting. But the magnetic induction B decreases from B a at the free surface to B = 0 in the interior through a layer of finite thickness characterized by the Landau penetration depth λ. The critical field varies with temperature as H c(T) = H c(0)[1 − (T/T c)2], where H c(0) = H c(T = 0 K). According to the isothermal field dependence of the magnetization I(H a) =− μ 0 H a, two types of superconductors may be differentiated, as shown in Fig. 4.2-1:

  • Type I superconductors such as Pb with a sudden drop of − I, at H c; all pure metallic elements and their dilute solid solutions belong to this group;

  • Type II superconductors such as Pb–In15 which are characterized by a lower critical field H c1 at which the drop of − I sets in and an upper critical field H c2 at which − I reaches 0.

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Abbreviations

CVD:

chemical vapour deposition

HTSC:

high-temperature superconductor

LPE:

liquid phase epitaxy

PLD:

pulsed laser deposition

SQUIDS:

superconducting quantum interference devices

TAFF:

thermally activated flux flow

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly Institute of Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Georg-Schumann-Str. 20, 01187, Dresden, Germany

    Claus Fischer Dr.

  2. Magnetism and Superconductivity in the Institute of Metallic Materials, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 270116, 01171, Dresden, Germany

    Günter Fuchs Dr.

  3. Superconducting Materials, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden – Institute of Metallic Materials, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Bernhard Holzapfel Dr.

  4. Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Barbara Schüpp-Niewa Dr.

  5. DSL Dresden Material-Innovation GmbH, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Hans Warlimont Prof.

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  1. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Frankfurt/Main, Robert-Mayer-Strasse 2–4, 60054, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Werner Martienssen Prof.

  2. DSL Dresden Material-Innovation GmbH, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Hans Warlimont Prof.

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Fischer, C., Fuchs, G., Holzapfel, B., Schüpp-Niewa, B., Warlimont, H. (2005). Superconductors. In: Martienssen, W., Warlimont, H. (eds) Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30437-1_10

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