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Development, Evolution, and the Emergence of Novel Behavior

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

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Definition of the Subject

Ontogeny, or individual development, results from the bidirectional interactions of genes and environment. It is this interaction that allows inherited traits to become expressed in the phenotypes ofadult organisms. While each individual will develop along its own unique trajectory, most members of a species are very much the same because theyall inherit a species‐typical genotype and a species‐typical environment. When this enviroment changes, individuals must adopt orthey will fail to survive. Individuals with enough plasticity to respond to new environments by developing novel phenotypes will be more likely to survivethan those without such resilience. In this way, developmental change can have substantial impact onevolution by providing the grist upon which natural selection acts. Successful developmental systemswill be selected and inherited, and evolution may thus be seen as a series of ontogenies.

Introduction

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Abbreviations

Heterochrony :

an evolutionary change in the timing of individual developmental events.

Plasticity:

the ability of individuals to respond flexibly in biologically or behaviorally adaptive ways to changes in the enviroment.

Developmental Systems Theory:

the idea that development unfolds via the bidirectional interaction of genes and enviroment at all levels of the developmental system, including genetic, cellular, structural, behavioral, and cultural.

Epigenesis:

an emergent process by which an organism's structure and function chage from relatively undifferentiated states to increasingly specialized, differentiated forms throughout ontogeny .

Epigenetic inheritance:

the non‐genetic transfer of information from one generation to another.

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  1. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA

    Amy K. Gardiner & David F. Bjorklund

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Gardiner, A.K., Bjorklund, D.F. (2009). Development, Evolution, and the Emergence of Novel Behavior. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_121

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