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Volcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome Growth

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

Definition of the Subject

We consider the process of slow extrusion of very viscous magma that forms lava domes. Dome‐building eruptions are commonly associated with hazardous phenomena, including pyroclastic flows generated by dome collapses, explosive eruptions and volcanic blasts. These eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between periods of high and low or no activity with time scales from hours to years. Usually hazardous phenomena are associated with periods of high magma discharge rate, thus, understanding the causes of pulsatory activity during extrusive eruptions is an important step towards forecasting volcanic behavior, especially the transition to explosive activity when magma discharge rate increases by a few orders of magnitude. In recent years the risks have increased because the population density in the vicinity of many active volcanoes has increased.

Introduction

Many volcanic eruptions involve the formation of lava domes , which are...

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Abbreviations

Andesite:

Magma or volcanic rock is characterized by intermediate SiO2 concentration. Andesite magmas have rheological properties that are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite magmas. Silica content in andesites ranges from approximately 52 to 66 weight percent. Common minerals in andesite include plagioclase, amphibole and pyroxene. Andesite is typically erupted at temperatures between 800 to 1000℃ Andesite is particularly common in subduction zones, where tectonic plates converge and water is introduced into the mantle.

Basalt:

Magma or volcanic rock contains not more than about 52% SiO2 by weight. Basaltic magmas have a low viscosity. Volcanic gases can escape easily without generating high eruption columns. Basalt is typically erupted at temperatures between 1100 to 1250℃. Basalt flows cover about 70% of the Earth's surface and huge areas of the terrestrial planets and so are the most important of all crustal igneous rocks.

Bingham liquid:

is a fluid that does not flow in response to an applied stress until a critical yield stress is reached. Above the critical yield stress, strain rate is proportional to the applied stress, as in a Newtonian fluid.

Bubbly flow:

A multi-phase flow regime, in which the gas phase appears as bubbles suspended in a continuous liquid phase.

Conduit :

A channel, through which magma flows towards the Earth's surface. Volcanic conduits can commonly be approximately cylindrical and typically a few 10's meters across or bounded by near parallel sides in a magma‐filled fracture. Conduits can be vertical or inclined.

Crystallization :

Conversion, partial or total, of a silicate melt into crystals during solidification of magma.

Degassing n. (degas v.):

The process by which volatiles that are dissolved in silicate melts come out of solution in the form of bubbles. Open- and closed‐system degassing can be distinguished. In the former, volatiles can be lost or gained by the system. In the latter, the total amount of volatiles in the bubbles and in solution in the magma is conserved.

Differentiation:

The process of changing the chemical composition of magma by processes of crystallization accompanied by separation melts from crystals.

Dome :

A steep-sided, commonly bulbous extrusion of lava or shallow intrusion (cryptodome). Domes are commonly, but not exclusively, composed of SiO2-rich magmas. In dome‐forming eruptions the erupted magma is so viscous, or the discharge rate so slow, that lava accumulates very close to the vent region, rather than flowing away. Pyroclastic flows can be generated by collapse of lava domes. Recent eruptions producing lava domes include the 1995–2006 eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, and the 2004–2006 eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA.

Dyke:

A sheet-like igneous intrusion, commonly vertical or near vertical, that cuts across pre‐existing, older, geological structures. During magmatism, dykes transport magma toward the surface or laterally in fracture‐like conduits. In the geologic record, dykes are preserved as sheet-like bodies of igneous rocks.

Explosive eruption:

A volcanic eruption in which gas expansion tears the magma into numerous fragments with a wide range of sizes. The mixture of gas and entrained fragments flows upward and outward from volcanic vents at high speed into the atmosphere. Depending on the volume of erupted material, eruption intensity and sustainability, explosive eruptions are classified as Strombolian, Vulcanian, sub‐Plinian, Plinian or Mega–Plinian; this order is approximately in the order of increasing intensity. Strombolian and Vulcanian eruptions involve very short-lived explosions.

Extrusive flow or eruption:

A non‐explosive (non‐pyroclastic) magma flow from a volcanic conduit during a lava dome‐building eruption or lava flow.

Mafic:

Magma, lava, or tephra with silica concentrations of approximately SiO2 <55%.

Magma:

Molten rock that consists of up three components: liquid silicate melt, suspended crystalline solids, and gas bubbles. It is the raw material of all volcanic processes. Silicate magmas are the most common magma type and consist of long, polymeric chains and rings of Si–O tetrahedra, between which are located cations (e. g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Na+). Anions (e. g. OH−, F−, Cl−, and S−) can substitute for the oxygen in the silicate framework. The greater the silica (SiO2) content of the magma, the more chains and rings of silicate tetrahedra there are to impede each other and hence the viscosity of the magma increases. The pressure regime and composition of the magma control the minerals that nucleate and crystallize from a magma when it cools or degasses.

Magma chamber :

A subsurface volume within which magma accumulates, differentiates and crystallizes. Igneous intrusions can constrain the form and size of some magma chambers, but in general the shape and volume of magma chambers beneath active volcanoes are poorly known. Magma reservoir is an equivalent term.

Melt:

Liquid part of magma. Melts (usually silicate) contain variable amounts of dissolved volatiles. The primary volatiles are usually water and carbon dioxide.

Newtonian liquid:

A liquid for which the strain rate is proportional to the applied stress. The proportionality coefficient is called the viscosity.

Microlite :

Crystal with dimensions less than 100 µm. Usually microlites crystallize at shallow levels of magmatic system.

Phenocryst:

Crystal with dimensions larger than 100 µm. Usually phenocrysts grow in magmatic reservoirs prior to an eruption and or are entrained by magma in the chamber.

Pyroclastic flow or surge:

A gas‐particle flow of pyroclasts suspended in a mixture of hot air, magmatic gas, and fine ash. The flow originates by the gravitational collapse of a dense, turbulent explosive eruption column at the source vent, or by dome collapse, and moves down-slope as a coherent flow. Pyroclastic flows and surges are distinguished by particle concentration in the flow, surges being more dilute. Variations in particle concentration result in differences in the deposits left by flows and surges.

Silicic:

Magma, lava, or tephra with silica concentrations of approximately SiO2 > 55%. The magmas are commonly rich in Al, Na− and K− bearing minerals. Silicic magmas are typically very viscous and can have high volatile contents. Rhyolite is an example of a silicic magma.

Volatile:

A component in a magmatic melt which can be partitioned in the gas phase in significant amounts during some stage of magma history. The most common volatile in magmas is water vapor H2O, but there are commonly also significant quantities of CO2, SO2 and halogens.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NERC research grant reference NE/C509958/1. OM and ABacknowledge Russian Foundation for Basic Research (08-01-00016) and President of Russian Federation program (NCH-4710.2006.1). RSJS acknowledgesa Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. The Royal Scoiety exchange grants and NERC grants had supported the Bristol/Moscow work over the last 10 years.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Oleg Melnik & Alexei A. Barmin

  2. Earth Science Department, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Oleg Melnik, R. Stephen J. Sparks & Antonio Costa

  3. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Naples, Italy

    Antonio Costa

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  1. Oleg Melnik
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  2. R. Stephen J. Sparks
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  3. Antonio Costa
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    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., Costa, A., Barmin, A.A. (2009). Volcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome Growth. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_578

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