Skip to main content

Health Promotion and Wellness

  • Living reference work entry
  • Latest version View entry history
  • First Online:
Family Medicine
  • 283 Accesses

Abstract

The evidence shows that health and well-being are affected and created by a combination of physical activity, nutrition, and rest. Family physicians can directly impact all of these components by educating and guiding patients regarding healthy lifestyle choices. With appropriate nutrition, physical activity, and rest, bodily function is optimized, and health and well-being of patients and communities are improved. In addition, tobacco cessation has been shown repeatedly to directly improve morbidity and mortality. While we know that health outcomes are also heavily affected by socio-demographic factors, this chapter is focused on patient lifestyle choices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Matheson G, Klügl M, Engebretsen L, Bendiksen F, Blair S, Börjesson M, et al. Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013. Sports Med. 2013;43(11):1075–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2008. www.health.gov/paguidelines. Accessed Nov 2014.

  3. Exercise is Medicine Healthcare Providers Action Guide. 2014. http://www.exerciseismedicine.org/assets/page_documents/HCP%20Action%20Guide_HR.pdf. Accessed 14 Dec 2014.

  4. American College of Sports Medicine. Roundtable consensus statement. Impact of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum on chronic disease risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(5):989–1006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Joy E. Practical approaches to office-based physical activity promotion for children and adolescents. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008;7(6):367–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. ACOG Committee Opinion. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:171–3. Reaffirmed 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Garber C, Blissmer B, Deschenes M, Franklin B, Lamon M, Nieman D, ACSM Position Stand, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Salem GJ, Skinner JS. ACSM position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Prochaska JJ, Sallis JF, Long B. A physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):554–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Meriwether RA, Lee JA, Lafleur AS, Wiseman P. Physical activity counseling. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(8):1129–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ekblom-Bak E, Ekblom B, Vikstrom M, deFaire U, Hellenius ML. The importance of non-exercise physical activity for cardiovascular health and longevity. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(3):233–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sadler MJ, McNulty H, Gibson S. Sugar-fat seesaw: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(3):338–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tourlouki E, Polychronopoulos E, Zeimbekis A, Tsakountakis N, Bountziouka V, Lioliou E, et al. The ‘secrets’ of the long livers in Mediterranean islands: the MEDIS study. Eur J Public Health. 2010;20(6):659–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schröder H, Fitó M, Estruch R, Martínez-González M, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J Nutr. 2011;141(6):1140–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2014;128(3):229–38.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(8):1884–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Misirli G, Benetou V, Lagiou P, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Relation of the traditional Mediterranean diet to cerebrovascular disease in a Mediterranean population. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(12):1185–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Babio N, Toledo E, Estruch R, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Castañer O, et al. Research: Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial. Can Med Assoc J. 2014;186:E649–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Opie RS, Ralston RA, Walker KZ. Adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet can slow the rate of cognitive decline and decrease the risk of dementia: a systematic review. Nutr Diet. 2013;70(3):206–17.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Boccardi V, Esposito A, Rizzo MR, Marfella R, Barbieri M, Paolisso G. Mediterranean diet, telomere maintenance and health status among elderly. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Bekaert S, De Meyer T, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer D, Langlois M, et al. Telomere length and cardiovascular risk factors in a middle-aged population free of overt cardiovascular disease. Aging Cell. 2007;6(5):639–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. World HO. Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases : report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hu T, Bazzano L. The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2014;24(4):337–43. Available from: CINAHL Complete.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hu T, Mills K, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Bazzano L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol [Serial on the Internet]. 2012;176 Suppl 7:S44–54. Available from: CINAHL Complete.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mahan LK, Dean S. Eating to Detoxify. In Mahan KL, Escott-Stump S, Raymond JL, editors. Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. 13 ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 438.

    Google Scholar 

  27. http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/foodadditivesingredients/ucm397725.htm

  28. Bazzano LA, Hu T, Reynolds K, Yao L, Bunol C, Liu Y, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(5):309–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of stress management. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(1):19–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hooper L. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;May 16;5:CD002137.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Park Y, Subar AF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A. Dietary fiber intake and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(12):1061–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RJ, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, et al. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(4):188–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Oria M, Yaktine AL, Strom BL, Institute oM. Sodium intake in populations : assessment of evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Graudal NA. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;(11):CD004022.

    Google Scholar 

  35. O’Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, McQueen MJ, Wang X, Liu L, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chowdhury R, Kunutsor S, Vitezova A, Oliver-Williams C, Chowdhury S, Kiefte-de-Jong JC, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g1903.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Newberry S, Chung M, Shekelle P, Booth M, Liu J, Maher A, et al. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes (update). Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) (Evidence reports/technology assessments, no 217) 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253540/pdf/TOC.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2014.

  38. Moyer A. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(8):558–65.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: an updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(12):824–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HAW, Farmer A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1, CD003205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wall B, Cermak N, Loon L. Dietary protein considerations to support active aging. Sports Med. 2014;44:185–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Vranceanu A, Gonzalez A, Niles H, Fricchione G, Baim M, Yeung A, et al. Exploring the effectiveness of a modified comprehensive mind-body intervention for medical and psychologic symptom relief. Psychosom J Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):386–91.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bhasin MK, Dusek JA, Chang B, Joseph MG, Denninger JW, Fricchione GL, et al. Relaxation response induces temporal transcriptome changes in energy metabolism, insulin secretion and inflammatory pathways. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sharma M, Rush SE. Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2014;19(4):271–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Robins J, Kiken L, Holt M, McCain N. Mindfulness: an effective coaching tool for improving physical and mental health. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2014;26(9):511–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(4):564–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Black DS, Milam J, Sussman S. Sitting-meditation interventions among youth: a review of treatment efficacy. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e532–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Woodyard C. Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga. 2011;4(2):49–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Hawkes TD, Manselle W, Woollacott MH. Tai Chi and meditation-plus-exercise benefit neural substrates of executive function: a cross-sectional, controlled study. J Complement Integr Med. 2014;11(4):279–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cerhan JR, Moore SC, Jacobs EJ, Kitahara CM, Rosenberg PS, Adami H, et al. Original article: a pooled analysis of waist circumference and mortality in 650,000 adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:335–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120:S164–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Winter JE, MacInnis RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Nowson CA. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(4):875–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Larzelere MM, Williams DE. Promoting smoking cessation. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(6):591–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Drew AM, Peters GL, Danis PG. Electronic cigarettes: cautions and concerns. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(5):282–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Rollnick S, Butler C, Miller WR. Motivational interviewing in health care: helping patients change behavior. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Whitlock EP, Orleans CT, Pender N, Allan J. Review and special article: evaluating primary care behavioral counseling interventions. An evidence-based approach 11The full text of this article is available via AJPM Online at www.ajpm-online.net. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:267–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, Goldstein MG, Marcus BH, Rakowski W, et al. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychol. 1994;13(1):39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Berger BA, Villaume WA. Motivational interviewing for healthcare professionals: a sensible approach. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naomi Parrella .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Parrella, N., Vormittag, K. (2016). Health Promotion and Wellness. In: Paulman, P., Taylor, R. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0779-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Health Promotion and Wellness
    Published:
    17 June 2016

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-2

  2. Original

    Health Promotion and Wellness
    Published:
    21 May 2015

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-1