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Neonatal and Infant Hypertension

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Pediatric Hypertension

Abstract

Neonatal hypertension as a clinical entity has been recognized since the 1970s, and yet we still do not have a complete understanding of the physiologic blood pressure changes occurring over the first year of life. Blood pressure changes rapidly in the newborn period during hemodynamic adaptation to the extrauterine environment, especially in preterm neonates. Measurement methods have evolved to less-invasive blood pressure monitoring, but there are still improvements needed in measurement techniques. The incidence of neonatal hypertension does not seem to be increasing despite increasing complexity of the population due to technologic advances. Risk factors or causes of hypertension can be found in most infants but treatment can be challenging. Most infant hypertension resolves over time although premature and low birth weight infants are at risk of future hypertension. This chapter will describe proper measurement of infant blood pressure, illustrate the expected changes in blood pressure during the first year of life, as well as explore evaluation, management, and follow-up of neonatal and infant hypertension.

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Abbreviations

ABPM:

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ECMO:

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

IV:

Intravenous

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

NICU:

Neonatal intensive care unit

PDA:

Patent ductus arteriosus

RAAS:

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

RVT:

Renal vein thrombosis

SGA:

Small for gestational age

UAC:

Umbilical artery catheter

VLBW:

Very low birth weight

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  1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children’s Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4, Canada

    Janis M. Dionne

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  1. University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Seattle Children’s Hospital Division of Nephrology, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn

  2. Division of Nephrology MassGeneral for Children at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA

    Julie R. Ingelfinger

  3. St. Luke’s Health System, Children’s Nephrology and Hypertension, Boise, ID, USA

    Karen M. Redwine

Section Editor information

  1. Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, 98105, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn MD, MS

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn MD, MS

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© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

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Dionne, J.M. (2018). Neonatal and Infant Hypertension. In: Flynn, J., Ingelfinger, J., Redwine, K. (eds) Pediatric Hypertension. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31107-4_26

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31106-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31107-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

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