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Populations of Planets in Multiple Star Systems

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Handbook of Exoplanets

Abstract

Astronomers have discovered that both planets and binaries are abundant throughout the Galaxy. In combination, we know of over 100 planets in binary and higher-order multi-star systems, in both circumbinary and circumstellar configurations. In this chapter, we review these findings and some of their implications for the formation of both stars and planets. Most of the planets found have been circumstellar, where there is seemingly a ruinous influence of the second star if sufficiently close (\(\lesssim \)50 AU). Hosts of hot Jupiters have been a particularly popular target for binary star studies, showing an enhanced rate of stellar multiplicity for moderately wide binaries (beyond ≳100 AU). This was thought to be a sign of Kozai-Lidov migration; however recent studies have shown this mechanism to be too inefficient to account for the majority of hot Jupiters. A couple of dozen circumbinary planets have been proposed around both main sequence and evolved binaries. Around main sequence binaries, there are preliminary indications that the frequency of gas giants is as high as those around single stars. There is however a conspicuous absence of circumbinary planets around the tightest main sequence binaries with periods of just a few days, suggesting a unique, more disruptive formation history of such close stellar pairs.

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to Dave Armstrong, Sebastian Daemgen, Dan Fabrycky, Elliott Horch, Adam Kraus, Henry Ngo, Richard Schwarz and Amaury Triaud for expert insights on earlier versions of the manuscript. I also thank section editor Natalie Batalha for her thorough review, and book editors Hans Deeg and Juan Antonio Belmonte for giving me the opportunity to write this chapter. Finally, I acknowledge funding and support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, The University of Chicago and the Unversité de Genève.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swiss National Science Foundation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

    David V. Martin

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  1. David V. Martin
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Correspondence to David V. Martin .

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  1. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Hans J. Deeg

  2. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Juan Antonio Belmonte

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Martin, D.V. (2018). Populations of Planets in Multiple Star Systems. In: Deeg, H., Belmonte, J. (eds) Handbook of Exoplanets . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_156

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